James Michener詹姆斯•麦切纳刚生下来就成了弃儿，他完全是白手起家。后来，他成为了一位颇有名气的作家，据估计，他的书已售出五千万册。他赚了好几百万美元，也捐赠了很多财产。1992年，他85岁高龄时，捐出了所剩的全部财产——一千五百万美元--并且重新开始创业。

1992年夏天，我计划好去拜访住在缅因州布伦斯威克市的詹姆斯•A•麦切纳。当时我正与这位知名作家合作编著一本谈话类的书。“我们可以见见他吗？”我的小女儿海娜问。她当时只有八岁，可她却知道麦切纳是不同寻常的人物。她以前见过我如何小心翼翼地把麦切纳的所有初版书都摆放书架上。每一本书上都写有赠言，并印上了作家姓名的首字母JAM。“那要看他的日程安排了，”我说，“他很忙。”

尽管这样，海娜还是告诉我说，能与麦切纳交谈对她来讲真的很重要。之后，她便去为此次见面做准备。她拿来一本两寸厚的空白薄，开始在上面写海豹的故事，其中一则名叫《恩尼上学历险记》。她还为故事画了插图。为了鼓励她，我告诉她，麦切纳喜爱用动物作写作题材。

七月十七日，我携家人前往麦切纳和他的妻子玛丽居住的简朴房子。吉姆还记得当年把我的大女儿抱在膝上的情景。不过，他那是第一次见海娜。海娜告诉他，她也是一位作家，而且还随身带来了自己写的书。吉姆笑了，“噢，”他说，“能让我看看吗？”他在沙发椅上坐了下来，海娜坐到了他的身旁。他翻开第一页，大声读道，“《海豹》，作者是海娜•格罗贝尔。”海娜这本书的前十二页讲述海豹的习性与进化历史。吉姆刚读到恩尼上学历险记时，电话铃响了。

“我正在读一位年轻作家富有新意的作品，”他对通话者说道。海娜开心地笑了。然后麦切纳歉意地说，他要到书房去听电话。他从书房回来时，一副如释重负的样子。“我刚刚捐出了我最后的一千五百万美元——那是我所有的钱。”他对我推心置腹地说。“我得对玛丽好一点。我以后得靠她的收入和我写书赚的钱过活。”我大吃一惊。他已经85岁高龄，竟还要一切从头开始。

我第一次遇见詹姆斯•麦切纳是在1981年的夏天。当时我代表一家全国性杂志对他进行采访。交谈使我们建立了友谊。在后来的岁月里，无论他身居何处我都会去看望他，并记录下他的冒险经历。有许多次我们是在机场见面，因为他要穿梭于远东与南太平洋地区。

“从某个角度讲，我的生活已经成为我们这个时代的一个神话，”他告诉我。“在人们看来，象我这样从身无分文起，到最终馈赠大笔财富的人是不可思议的。”的确不可思议。麦切纳生下来就成了弃婴。宾夕法尼亚州多利斯镇的一名贫穷的寡妇玛贝尔•麦切纳收养了他。象她自己的孩子和她收留的其他孩子一样，麦切纳穿的是旧衣服，有时还要挨饿。

他从未弄清楚他的出生日期（可能是1907年）和地点。“我可能是犹太人，可能有一部分黑人血液，除了不大可能是东方人之外，可能是任何人种，”他说。吉姆是一位聪明伶俐的学生，他渴望见见美国是什么样子。“十四岁的时候，”他说，“我一路乞讨，靠一角和五分的硬币走遍了整个美国。不到二十岁，我就去过了除华盛顿、俄勒冈、弗罗里达之外的所有州郡。我总是听不够人们讲故事，他们没讲到的部分，我就自己编出来。”一笔奖学金使他得以进了宾夕法尼亚的斯沃斯摩尔学院。尽管他两次被勒令休学（“我那时是个激进分子”），他还是于1929年以优异成绩毕业。

他的一生也象他写的故事那样，充满了非同一般的曲折与坎坷。除了从事教师、编辑这类常规性的工作之外，麦切纳与西班牙斗牛士一同旅行，在地中海的一艘煤船上工作，还曾在苏格兰附近收集民歌。二战时他当过海军，在军队里他以自己在南部海区遇到的异族人为原型，编写了诸多丰富多彩的故事。

1948年，他的收入十八篇故事的小说集——《南太平洋故事集》，荣获了普利策奖。这本书很快便成为了畅销书。对于麦切纳来说，这标志着一个新开端，使他在四十多岁时踏上了事业的光明大道。1959年，《夏威夷》问世了，这是麦切纳一系列成功作品中的第一部，这些成功的作品皆是传奇故事，是深受大众喜爱的历史传记，书中的家庭跨越了几代人，这业已成为他作品的主要特征。

不过，他的生活并非完全以写作为主。1962年，他曾参加国会竞选，当时他决定一旦入选便放弃创作生涯。感谢上帝，他没有入选，否则我们就看不到他个人认为自己创作的两部最佳作品，《源泉》和《依比利亚》，更不用说其他的作品了——合计有四十四本，被译成多种语言，据估计已售出五千万册。


麦切纳生活俭朴，他逐渐积累起一笔财富。至少对他来说，如何处理这些钱是很清楚的一件事：由于他膝下无儿无女，他打算把钱捐给别人。他的捐款欲望得自他孩童时代的两次扭转生活的事情。一件事情是一位书商把一套巴尔扎克的书籍卖给了他的姑姑，而他的姑姑又把它们转送给了小吉姆的妈妈。

“幸运的人”，麦切纳对我说，“指的是读书人，听音乐的人，观赏艺术的人，和那些在人生特定时期得到了与自己当时生活状态相呼应的生活体验的人。就我来说，有一个小丑走过小镇，把一套巴尔扎克的书卖给了我姑姑。为什么？她对巴尔扎克并不热衷，她也没有那个钱。但我读了整套书之后，我太震憾了！如果一个人可以随心所欲地写作，那他就会写得与巴尔扎克一样好。”

另一件事情发生在麦切纳得到了斯沃斯摩尔奖学金之后。他中学时期的校长来看望玛贝尔•麦切纳。他坚决认为，这个孩子不会给学院带来荣耀，倒是应该做一名管子工。“他瞧不起穷人，”麦切纳回忆道，“我拿到了奖学金可把他气坏了。”

麦切纳从未忘记教育的重要性——他毕生都在默默地帮助别人获得受教育的机会。我记得1983年6月他来帕萨德那作讲演。我去看望他时，旅馆房间的门敲响了，一位神情紧张的工程专业的大学生走了进来。他是来见他的恩人的，感谢他提供的两项奖学金。麦切纳曾经听人讲过这位才华出众的学生是如何被迫辍学去工作。他看上去非常高兴自己能帮助这位年轻人重返校园。

麦切纳与他的妻子玛丽也援助过教育机构。数目颇为惊人。仅德克萨斯大学就收到过总数为四千四百二十万美元的资助。在我与他一同呆在缅因州的一周内，每天都有电话打来，与他商谈他要资助一个当地写作项目的事。“我一向相信创造性写作具有巨大的价值。而这正是这种价值的一部分，”他解释说，“如果你曾有幸从中受益匪浅，那么唯一理智的做法，就是把你的收益重新归植到这个体系中去。”

对麦切纳而言，在缅因州接到最后一次电话，得知资助被接受的那一刻真是一个胜利的时刻。而我有幸分享了此刻。麦切纳还没有告诉玛丽，他们突然间减少了一千五百万美元。但是他要首先履行另一项义务：他还没有读完海娜的小说。于是他在她身边坐下来，全神贯注地读着。毕竟他的任务是鼓励下一代，而此时此刻一位八岁的孩子正渴求他的鼓励呢。

读到老师不允许海豹呆在学校里，而要把它送到动物园时，麦切纳叹息道：“噢，天哪。”“你看，他都哭了，”海娜边说边指着一张图画。后一页中动物园管理员把恩尼还给了那个女孩，对此麦切纳点头表示同意。“这故事真不错，”他说，“因为到最后人人都很快乐。”

生活中，结尾并非总是快乐的。玛丽•麦切纳于1994年九月死于癌症。麦切纳的肾功能开始衰竭，不得不接受透析治疗，从而也结束了他的世界之旅。当时他住在奥斯丁，但仍然在写书——实际上，自他1992年“重新开始”以来又写了七本书。1997年10月6日，我打电话过去。他的看护，忠诚的艾米丽娅，告诉我说他快不行了。她让麦切纳接了电话。“是不是很疼？”我问。“我们正在英勇搏斗。”“时间不多了，是不是，吉姆？”

“你的女儿们好吗？”他回答道，暗示不要再谈他了。我告诉他，我的大女儿玛亚正在挑选大学。“有哪些学校可选？”他想知道。我告诉了他，他沉默了一会儿，然后说，“如果你想送她来这儿读德克萨斯大学，我们会为她支付第一年的学费。”

那是我最后一次与詹姆斯•麦切纳交谈。尽管他将不久于人世，可他的本能仍旧鲜活如新，他又一次在伸出自己的援助之手。麦切纳去世的那一天，也就是1997年10月16日，海娜翻开了《生物王国：动物与大自然的故事》这本书，这是几个月前他寄给她的。她用手指顺着目录找下来，说道：“他没有写过海豹。”“或许，”我解释说，“是因为他知道另有一位

请看夏威夷草裙舞(男女都穿)

Polynesian Cultural Center
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwAHCnrymiQ

夏威夷介绍：

http://www.gohawaii.cn/guide/index.htm

Hawaii: A Novel

Editorial Reviews

This is Michener's most ambitious book, but at times it almost falls of its own weight in the immense scope of time and place and people projected. For here is the story of Hawaii, told in terms of the peoples who made it- and the forces of nature which held it in thrall. While each of the major sections seems at first almost complete in itself, tracing the elements that together brought the islands to fulfillment, actually the people who wove the texture became themselves a major part of it. First- the story of the millions of years before man, as the volcanic islands rose from the sea, fell again, were rebuilt by the coral, by beds of lava, and slowly populated by vegetation, and life, and a passionate, courageous, adventurous people from the lovely Bora Bora. Then- the missionaries- a thousand years later- Calvinists with humorless intent to save these feckless natives from eternal damnation. The Hales, the Whipples, the Janderses, the Haxworths, the Hewlitts - who became the hierarchy. Some remained in the mission field, but many deserted it - disillusioned, embittered, wearied by the thanklessness of the impossible task of conversion. But they stayed on- as merchants, land owners, progenitors of the Five Families that for generations held the power- socially, politically, economically, though kings came and went, and a people disintegrated. New national groups came- the Chinese first as laborers, then as vital factors in the islands' economy; then the Japanese and the Filipinos. Little by little, through intermarriage, through education, through business endeavors, a new people were formed. The Hawaiians proved a mellow core; but it took a virtual social revolution, two wars, labor upsets, plague, disaster and intrigue at high level and low, to blend a strong people who could prove themselves Americans. It's an enormously interesting story of human beings - at many levels of struggle - and rewards the very considerable contribution the reader must bring to its reading. (Kirkus Reviews) --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.

http://www.amazon.com/Hawaii-Novel-James-Michener/dp/0375760377

美国第５０个州——夏威夷州

夏威夷州(hawaii)位于太平洋中北部。由８个大岛及１２４个小岛组成，从西北到东南长３８４０公里。是一个孤立的群岛之州。公元４世纪前后，一批波利尼西亚人乘独木舟来到这里并在此定居，为这片岛屿起名“夏威夷”，意为“原来的家”。１９５９年８月２１日成为美国的第５０州。面积为１６．７万平方公里，在５０州内列第４７位。首府檀香山（honolulu，又译火奴鲁鲁）。

　　最早发现夏威夷的欧洲人是西班牙的胡安·盖塔诺，而真正使夏威夷为世人所知的是英国航海家库克船长，他于１７７８年登上夏威夷群岛。１７９５年，卡米哈米哈酋长征服了其他部落，建立夏威夷王国。１８９８年沦为美国的属地。１９５９年成为美国第５０个州。它东距美国旧金山３８４６公里，西距日本东京６２００公里，是太平洋地区海空运输的枢纽。马克·吐温说，夏威夷是大洋中最美的岛屿，也是停泊在海洋中最可爱的岛屿舰队。

　　夏威夷主要有四个特征：１．全州由火山岛组成一个新月形岛链，弯弯地镶嵌在太平洋中部水域，所以有“太平洋的十字路口”和“美国通往亚太的门户”之称。太平洋洋底有一破裂带，地壳下地幔层内岩浆向外迸流，构成洋面以下火山群岛，８个小岛是海底火山锥的顶部露出海面而成。岛上迄今尚有活火山，时常喷发。２．全州属于热带气候。３．夏威夷州凤梨产量列美国第一，也列世界第一。产量占世界总产量的３／４。４．此州是美国海空军基地，以保卫美国太平洋沿岸。８个大岛中最大的一个是夏威夷岛(hawaii i.)， 由５座火山组成，其中基拉韦厄火山为世界活火山之最。冒纳罗亚火山每隔若干年喷发一次，炽烈的熔岩从山隙中缓缓流出，成为夏威夷的一大奇观。面积为１０４９８平方公里。瓦胡岛 (oahu i.)是第三大岛，也是夏威夷的政治和文化中心，及首府檀香山的所在地，在夏威夷岛西北２２０公里。全州８０％的人口居住在该岛上。

　　夏威夷群岛是风景区。地处热带，气候却温和宜人，无严寒天气，无干燥气候，生活便利。北风坡年降水量可达６００毫米；迎风坡年降水量多至１００００毫米。土质肥沃。

　　夏威夷州的经济以农业为主，２／３的土地种植甘蔗，每年约生产粗糖一百万吨。相当于美国目前每年食糖总消费量的１／１０，因而被称为美国的糖岛。渔业也是当地经济的重要组成部分。而随着旅游业的发展，已逐渐成为该州的重要经济支柱。

　　夏威夷是世界上旅游业最发达的地方之一。不过吸引游客的并非是名胜古迹，而是它得天独厚的美丽环境，以及夏威夷人传统的热情、友善、诚挚。夏威夷风光明媚，海滩迷人，日月星去变幻出五彩风光：晴空下，美丽的怀基基海滩，阳伞如花；晚霞中，岸边蕉林椰树为情侣们轻吟低唱；月光下，波利尼西亚人在草席上载歌载舞。夏威夷的花之音，海之韵，为游客们奏出一支优美的浪漫曲。

　　夏威夷人纯朴好客。当观光轮船接近夏威夷外海时，便有一大群热情如火的夏威夷女郎，驾着小舟靠近轮船，把一串串五颜六色的花环送给游客，且不断的说着“阿罗哈”，充分表达她们最真挚的欢迎之意。阿罗哈是当地土语，一般解释为欢迎，你好等，表示友好和祝福，每个来到夏威夷的人都学会这句话。花环叫“蕾伊”，夏威夷人总是手拿蕾伊，熟人相见，欢迎或欢送客人，都要送蕾伊，就好象我们见面握手一样。

　　草裙舞是最让观光者念念不忘的。草裙舞又名“呼拉舞”，是一种注重手脚和腰部动作的舞。月光如水之夜，凉风习习的椰林中，穿夏威夷衫的青年，抱着吉他，弹着优美的乐曲，用低沉的歌声，倾诉心中的恋情。跳舞的女郎，挂着蕾伊，穿着金色的草裙，配合音乐旋律和节奏，表现出优美的姿态。纯洁的感情，如诗的气氛，如画的情调，令人陶醉，更叫人流连忘返。赞颂“火山女神”的舞蹈，也是游客喜欢观赏的。火山爆发给夏威夷土著人带来震惊，他们是心有余悸的，于是在冥冥之中，认为他们的世界乃火山女神所掌管，于是编了一个舞蹈，来赞颂“火山女神”的伟大，在疯狂的原始呼号中，一群脸上涂着色彩的土著人，围着熊熊的篝火狂舞着。

　　让游客感兴趣的还有夏威夷“没有规范”的服饰，与欧美人士穿衣讲究场合相反，夏威夷人无论场合时间，一律身着夏威夷布裁制的夏威夷衫。男从穿的叫阿罗哈衫，女性的花衫有长短之分，白天穿的略短，叫“慕”，晚上穿的长衫叫“慕慕”，以长短命名衣服是当地人的发明。游客到此，都不忘带回几件“慕”或“慕慕”。

　　位于瓦胡岛的州首府檀香山，从前盛产檀香木，华侨因而称之为檀香山。檀香山地理位置十分重要，它是从美国西岸到澳大利亚和从巴拿马运河去远东的交通要冲，有“太平洋的十字路口”之称。居民除夏威夷人外，还有华人、日本人以及菲律宾人、波多黎各人等。

　　瓦胡岛上的波利尼西亚文化中心，依山傍水，热带植物繁茂，人工湖将中心分为夏威夷、萨摩亚、斐济、汤加、塔西堤、马克萨斯、毛利等７个村落，代表波利尼西亚７种不同文化，各村落建筑均保持几百年前的传统风貌，从不同侧面反映了民族文化特色，吸引着各地的游人们。市中心还有意大利文艺复兴时期风格的建筑——伊拉奥尼皇宫。

　　夏威夷州教育很发达。义务教育从６岁到满１８岁，是强迫式义务教育，适龄孩子必须入学。夏威夷大学创立于１９０７年，校内设有东西方研究中心。

　　檀香山附近的珍珠港是驰名世界的港湾。１９４１年１２月清晨，爆发了震惊世界的“珍珠港事件”。目前，珍珠港仍然是美国太平洋舰队的主要基地和美国太平洋地区武装部队司令部的所在地。

　　夏威夷州别名是“阿罗哈之州” (the aloha state)。州花是芙蓉花 (yellowhibiscus)。 州鸟是夏威夷鹅(hawaiian goose)。州树是蜡烛果树 (candlenut)。座右铭是“正义永存”(the life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness)。

　　１９８５年５月２１日，该州与中国的广东省缔结了友好关系。１９９２年６月３０日，该州与中国的海南省缔结了友好关系。

http://travel2.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/travel/14twain.html?pagewanted=2

Twain spent four months in the islands in 1866, when he was 31 and working on becoming famous. His 25 letters from the Sandwich Islands, written on assignment for The Sacramento Union, are still fresh and rudely funny after almost a century and a half — a foretaste of genius and the best travel writing about Hawaii, my home state, I have ever read.

Twain's Hawaii teemed with ship captains, whalers, missionaries, mosquitoes, fragrant thickets of flowers and thousands of cats. France, Britain and the United States were competing for influence, making the usual colonial mischief. The population and ancient ways of native Hawaiians, the Kanaka Maoli, were in catastrophic decline, beset by disease and cultural pressures. But Hawaii was still in its sovereign glory, with an elected legislature and a 35-year-old king: stately, plump Kamehameha V, the last of his family dynasty. It was a land of royal pageantry, tropical splendor and a fair amount of squalor.

Determined to "ransack the islands" for his dispatches, Twain rented a horse and rode until he was laid up with saddle sores. He rode by moonlight through a ghostly plain of sand strewn with human bones, the remains of an ancient battlefield. He scaled the summit of Kilauea during an eruption, standing at the crater's edge on a foggy night, his face made crimson by lava-glow. He hiked through misty valleys. He surfed.

You heard right, Huck: America's greatest writer took a wooden surfboard and paddled out to wait, as he had seen naked locals do, "for a particularly prodigious billow to come along," upon which billow he prodigiously wiped out.

"None but natives ever master the art of surf-bathing thoroughly," he wrote.

He also tried swimming with nude native women, but when he got into the surf, they got out.

He might have tasted poi, eaten with the fingers in those days from a communal calabash, but after reading this passage, I suspect not: "Many a different finger goes into the same bowl and many a different kind of dirt and shade and quality of flavor is added to the virtues of its contents. One tall gentleman, with nothing in the world on but a soiled and greasy shirt, thrust in his finger and tested the poi, shook his head, scratched it with the useful finger, made another test, prospected among his hair, caught something and ate it; tested the poi again, wiped the grimy perspiration from his brow with the universal hand, tested again, blew his nose — 'Let's move on, Brown,' said I, and we moved."

That passage is from "Mark Twain's Letters From Hawaii," which along with "Mark Twain in Hawaii: Roughing It in the Sandwich Islands," is the starting point for tracing Twain's footsteps. The trail begins in downtown Honolulu:

"A good part of Honolulu turned out to welcome the steamer," Twain wrote. "It was Sunday morning, and about church time, and we steamed through the narrow channel to the music of six different church bells, which sent their mellow tones far and wide, over hills and valleys, which were peopled by naked, savage, thundering barbarians only 50 years ago!"

In this passage and others, readers should try to forgive Twain's culture-bound ethnic insensitivity and remember that his misanthropy is refreshingly all-inclusive. He also betrays a sympathy for Hawaiians that is pretty enlightened for a white guy from 19th-century Missouri.

Downtown Honolulu is far less savage than it was, but architectural traces of the kingdom survive among the groves of mirrored office towers. The grandest is Iolani Palace, a Victorian dollhouse of fluted columns and wrought iron that is the only royal residence in the United States, not counting Graceland.

Twain never saw it — it went up in 1882 — but on the palace lawn, now shaded by an immense kapok tree, he watched 2,000 Hawaiians grieving by torchlight for Princess Victoria Kamamalu, the king's sister, on the eve of her funeral.

"Every night, and all night long, for more than 30 days," he wrote, "multitudes of these strange mourners have burned their candle-nut torches in the royal inclosure, and sung their funeral dirges, and danced their hulahulas, and wailed their harrowing wail for the dead."

All you hear now is the droning of cars; the palace is in Honolulu's business district, next to the state Capitol. For a more haunting experience, go up the road into Nuuanu Valley, to the princess's burial place. On the day of her funeral, Twain galloped there to await the procession.

The Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii consists of several crypts and a coral-block chapel on a lawn lined with palms. It may be the most history-drenched place in the islands. The mausoleum's curator, or kahu, is William Kaiheekai Maioho, who lives in a cottage on the grounds and is the sixth in his family to hold the position. Answering my knock on a recent visit, he offered to show me the chapel. He opened its windows to the sun and sat in a pew to tell the story.

Speaking gently, he recited a long history of royal funerals and renovations, then took me to the family crypt of the Kalakauas, successors to the Kamehamehas. The gold inscriptions on its white marble walls are as familiar to Hawaii schoolchildren as those of presidents: Kalakaua, Kapiolani, Kaiulani, Kalanianaole and Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last monarch.

Visiting their graves made me eager to plunge deeper into Hawaii's royal past, following Twain's footsteps to the Big Island, where Kamehameha the Great was born and where an eruption of Kilauea that began in 1983 is still sending lava down gentle slopes into the boiling sea.

Twain spent weeks covering the Big Island on horseback, but a rental car makes it possible to hit the highlights in two days or three. The highway to Kilauea's summit is a straight, slow climb out of Hilo, past tin-roofed frame houses in tidy yards planted with ti, banana and torch ginger, and a more recent development: gridlocked shopping-mall sprawl. That side of the island also has an end-of-the-road, Alaska feel, with lots of blond dreadlocks and holistic massage salons. One Adopt-a-Highway sponsor is the Raelians, the sect that promotes human cloning and believes the first humans were created by visiting space aliens.

If so, the upper slopes of Kilauea are a likely landing area. The lush, broad-leafed lowlands give way to scrubby ohia trees poking out of an understory thick with ginger and uluhe ferns. Soon you are in the chill and splendid desolation of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. At the visitor center, rangers give daily briefings on the air quality — the sulfurous fumes can be thick and dangerous — and the state of the lava flow.

Perched at the rim of the steaming caldera is the old Volcano House hotel. Twain stayed here, but when it was a primitive hostel, not this imposing structure with a large fireplace in a lobby lined with portraits of Hawaii's kings and queens.

The Volcano House has crater-view rooms at $225 a night, but if you want an experience closer to Twain's, stay in one of the hotel's tidy wooden cabins in the Namakani Paio campground, three miles away in a grove of towering koa, ohia and eucalyptus trees. They cost $50 a night and sleep four, with separate bathrooms and hot showers, and are a perfect base for a Twain-style expedition to the eruption.

For the last 23 years, the lava has been flowing not from Kilauea's summit but from Pu'u O'o vent, a crack in its southern slopes. The lava has buried miles of mountainside — as well as streets, subdivisions and beaches — in crunchy black lacquer. Chain of Craters Road winds down the mountain like a lazily draped ribbon on a pillow. Roadcuts through old lava flows are marked with dates, and even those from the 1950's are still desolate — just craggy, brownish-black rock, like strewn coffee grounds.

Night falls like an anvil in these latitudes. The flowing lava is invisible by day, but at night it becomes a shimmering strip of orange, running up the mountainside and coloring the clouds above. A steam plume rises at the ocean's edge. Tourists who wisely take walking sticks, boots and flashlights can clamber up to where the lava has overrun the road, for a long hike over cool lava to get closer to the glowing rock and steam.

BUT you can also stay put, since the view from the road — especially through the rangers' telescope — is excellent. It is a staggering sight, though not, sadly, as spectacular as the bubbling lava lake Twain lucked upon:

"The greater part of the vast floor of the desert under us was as black as ink, and apparently smooth and level; but over a mile square of it was ringed and streaked and striped with a thousand branching streams of liquid and gorgeously brilliant fire! It looked like a colossal railroad map of the State of Massachusetts done in chain lightning on a midnight sky. Imagine it — imagine a coal-black sky shivered into a tangled network of angry fire!"

A long drive out of Volcanoes National Park winds down around the United States' southernmost point, then up the coast to Kailua-Kona. In Waiohinu, a roadside marker points out Mark Twain's monkeypod tree, planted by the man himself.

For a surreal plunge into deep history, visit Puuhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park, commonly called the City of Refuge, a centuries-old religious sanctuary. Twain marveled at its hulking stonework, which was built in the 1500's without mortar and stands to this day just as he described it, above tidal pools full of foraging sea turtles.

It's a short drive from there to Kealakekua Bay, where native Hawaiians brought Captain James Cook's celebrated career to a sudden halt. "Plain unvarnished history takes the romance out of Captain Cook's assassination, and renders a deliberate verdict of justifiable homicide," wrote Twain, ever the provocative American. "Wherever he went among the islands he was cordially received and welcomed by the inhabitants, and his ships lavishly supplied with all manner of food. He returned these kindnesses with insult and ill-treatment."

If you head from there to Kailua Kona, the Big Island's main tourist enclave, you may conclude that Cook's defeat was only a temporary setback. Twain described it as "the sleepiest, quietest, Sundayest looking place you can imagine." But today the main drag, Alii Drive, is a tacky cousin to Kalakaua Avenue in Waikiki, a ruthlessly efficient operation for the concentration and extraction of tourist money.

It looks like a highly unlikely place for Hawaiian authenticity, but there it is at King Kamehameha's Kona Beach Hotel, the city's main hotel for locals — the one that caters to a mom-and-pop, wedding and luau crowd. Its 70's décor is pleasing, but even more so are the lobby and hall exhibits of old Hawaiian art and artifacts. It is a museum doubling as hotel, complete with portraits of royalty and a wooden bust of King Kamehameha I himself over the front desk.

The dinner buffet is a paradise of Hawaiian food: poi, kalua pig, rice and poke, a traditional dish of marinated raw fish. At the poolside bar the night I was there, a table of local guys in tank tops and sunglasses downed pitchers of beer and played ukuleles. I listened while floating on my back in the pool, staring up at Orion in the inky sky and thinking: it doesn't get much more Hawaiian than this.

But it does: There is a restored Hawaiian temple, or heiau, on the grounds. You can walk there after dark, as I did, following a row of gas torches to the water's edge, a grass hut and a lava-rock platform. The platform, a marker says, is the very one used by William Maioho's distant ancestor to prepare Kamehameha I for burial. Twain, quoting from an 1844 history volume, gives a detailed account of the events surrounding Kamehameha's death, which prompted, among other things, the sacrifice of 300 dogs "in lieu of human victims."

On a lawn beyond the platform an outdoor reception was breaking up. Musicians were packing up instruments, lingerers were chatting, the dark waters were rippling in the orange glow of torch light. There was a table with a guest book and photo album — this had been a baby luau, celebrating a child's first birthday. It was about as old and genuine as Hawaiian traditions get.

There's depth for you — two true stories of the real Hawaii, one nearly lost to time, the other just beginning, and both hidden in plain sight among the tiki torches of a tourist ground zero. Twain would have appreciated it.

Mark Twain on Hawai'i

Sir: When you do me the honor to suggest that I write an article about the Sandwich Islands, just now when the death of the King has turned something of the public attention in that direction, you unkennel a man whose modesty would have kept him in hiding otherwise. I could fill you full of statistics, but most human beings like gossip better, and so you will not blame me if I proceed after the largest audience and leave other people to worry the minority with arithmetic.


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A Paradise for All Sorts

I spent several months in the Sandwich Islands, six years ago, and, if I could have my way about it, I would go back there and remain the rest of my days. It is paradise for an indolent man. If a man is rich he can live expensively, and his grandeur will be respected as in other parts of the earth; if he is poor he can herd with the natives, and live on next to nothing; he can sun himself all day long under the palm trees, and be no more troubled by his conscience than a butterfly would.

When you are in that blessed retreat, you are safe from the turmoil of life; you drowse your days away in a long deep dream of peace; the past is a forgotten thing, the present is heaven, the future you leave to take care of itself. You are in the center of the Pacific Ocean; you are two thousand miles from any continent; you are millions of miles from the world; as far as you can see, on any hand, the crested billows wall the horizon, and beyond this barrier the wide universe is but a foreign land to yo u, and barren of interest.

The climate is simply delicious -- never cold at the sea level, and never really too warm, for you are at the half-way house -- that is, twenty degrees above the equator. But then you may order your own climate, for this reason: the eight inhabited island s are merely mountains that lift themselves out of the sea -- a group of bells, if you please, with some (but not very much) "flare" at their basis. You get the idea? Well, you take a thermometer, and mark on it where you want the mercury to stand permane ntly forever (with not more than 12 degrees variation) Winter and Summer. If 82 in the shade is your figure (with the privilege of going down or up 5 or 6 degrees at long intervals), you build your house down on the "flare" -- the sloping or level ground by the seashore -- and you have the deadest surest thing in the world on that temperature. And such is the climate of Honolulu, the capital of the kingdom. If you mark 70 as your mean temperature, you build your house on any mountain side, 400 or 500 fee t above sea level. If you mark 55 or 60, go 1,500 feet higher. If you mark for Wintry weather, go on climbing and watching your mercury. If you want snow and ice forever and ever, and zero and below, build on the summit of Mauna Kea, 16,000 feet up in the air. If you must have hot weather, you should build at Lahaina, where they do not hang the thermometer on a nail because the solder might melt and the instrument get broken; or you should build in the crater of Kilauea which would be the same as going ho me before your time. You cannot find as much climate bunched together anywhere in the world as you can in the Sandwich Islands. You may stand on the summit of Mauna Kea, in the midst of snowbanks that were there before Capt. Cook was born, maybe, and whil e you shiver in your furs you may cast your eye down the sweep of the mountain side and tell exactly where the frigid zone ends and vegetable life begins; a stunted and tormented growth of trees shades down into a taller and freer species, and that in tur n, into the full foliage and varied tints of the temperate zone; further down, the mere ordinary green tone of a forest washes over the edges of a broad bar of orange trees that embraces the mountain like a belt, and is so deep and ark a green that distan ce makes it black; and still further down, your eye rests upon the levels of the seashore, where the sugar-cane is scorching in the sun, and the feathery cocoa-palm glassing itself in the tropical waves; and where you know the sinful natives are lolling a bout in utter nakedness and never knowing or caring that you and your snow and your chattering teeth are so close by. So you perceive, you can look down upon all the climates of the earth, and note the kinds and colors of all the vegetations, just with a glance of the eye -- and this glance only travels about three miles as the bird flies, too.



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About the Natives

The natives of the islands number only about 50,000, and the whites about 3,000, chiefly Americans. According to Capt. Cook, the natives numbered 400,000 less than a hundred years ago. But the traders brought labor and fancy diseases -- in other words, lo ng, deliberate, infallible destruction; and the missionaries brought the means of grace and got them ready. So the two forces are working along harmoniously, and anybody who knows anything about figures can tell you exactly when the last Kanaka will be in Abraham's bosom and his islands in the hands of the whites. It is the same as calculating an eclipse -- if you get started right, you cannot miss it. For nearly a century the natives have been keeping up a ratio of about three births to five deaths, and you can see what that must result in. No doubt in fifty years a Kanaka will be a curiosity in his own land, and as an investment will be superior to a circus.

I am truly sorry that these people are dying out, for they are about the most interesting savages there are. Their language is soft and musical, it has not a hissing sound in it, and all their words end with a vowel. They would call Jim Fisk Jimmy Fikki, for they will even to violence to a proper name if it grates too harshly in its natural state. The Italian is raspy and disagreeable compared to the Hawaiian tongue.

These people used to go naked, but the missionaries broke that up; in the towns the men wear clothing now; or if they have company they put on a shirt collar and a vest. Nothing but religion and education could have wrought these admirable changes. The wo men wear a single loose calico gown (mu'umu'u ), that falls without a break from neck to heels.

In the old times, to speak plainly, there was absolutely no bar to the commerce of the sexes. To refuse the solicitations of a stranger was regarded as a contemptible thing for a girl or a woman to do; but the missionaries have so bitterly fought this thi ng that they have succeeded at least in driving it out of sight -- and now it exists only in reality, not in name.

These natives are the simplest, the kindest-hearted, the most unselfish creatures that bear the image of the Maker. Where white influence has not changed them, they will make any chance stranger welcome, and divide their all with him -- a trait which has never existed among any other people, perhaps. They live only for today; tomorrow is a thing which does not enter into their calculations. I had a native youth in my employ in Honolulu, a graduate of a missionary college, and he divided his time between t ranslating the Greek Testament and taking care of a piece of property of mine which I considered a horse. Whenever this boy could collect his wages, he would go and lay out the entire amount, all the way up from fifty cents to a dollar, in poi (which is a paste made of the taro root, and is the national dish), and call in all the native ragamuffins that came along to help him eat it. And there, in the rich grass, under the tamarind trees, the gentle savages would sit and gorge till all was gone. My boy wo uld go hungry and content for a day or two, and then some Kanaka he probably had never seen before would invite him to a similar feast, and give him a fresh start.



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From a letter to the New York Tribune, 1873
Originally posted to Alt.Culture.Hawaii by... Jai ? Yup.
Last updated: 1996 September 17th.
Return to the Soc.Culture.Hawaii homepage.

Aloha from michael j. wise on the slopes of Mauna Leahi, in Honolulu Hawai`i!

夏威夷王國是在1810年由歐胡、茂伊、莫洛凱、拉奈及夏威夷等島嶼的小型獨立部落。

在經過一場直接且血腥的戰爭後所統一成立的王國。領導戰爭且統一夏威夷群島的酋長，後被尊為卡美哈梅哈大帝。卡美哈梅哈受到暴風雨的阻礙，未能把握住在考艾島的勝利。然而考艾的酋長後來也臣服於卡美哈梅哈的統治。夏威夷王國的統一終結了夏威夷群島各部族的封建社會，轉型為一個具有現代雛型的、獨立的，與歐洲各帝國相仿的君主立憲體制。

至今仍有不少夏威夷原住民主張恢復夏威夷王國。

1830年，英美傳教士抵達夏威夷。
1840年，之後的隨後的數十年間，美國與日本的移民、商人及投資客在島上數量越來越多，兩個海洋強國都開始積極在太平洋上擴張勢力，美國最後選擇採取更積極的動作進行控制。
1842年，美國首先承認夏威夷王國，這個外交承認主要是為了日本。若日本強行併吞夏威夷，美國將以反侵略的理由介入。
1850年，法國將民主制度以砲火帶進夏威夷，夏威夷王國開始出現議會制度。
1864年，南北戰爭，夏威夷被迫出售土地給北軍種植咖啡。美國租借了夏威夷海港。
1873年，美國國務卿主動表示不允許其他國家併吞夏威夷。
1885年，夏威夷王國與日本訂定航渡條約，大量日本勞動人口進入夏威夷。
1893年，在美國海軍的支持下，美國海軍陸戰隊登陸夏威夷，支援當地的美國人發動政變，夏威夷女王帶著臣民簽字的文件，親至美國國會請願。回島上後遭到軟禁。
1894年，成立夏威夷共和國，夏威夷王國滅亡。當時日本忙於甲午戰爭，無暇東顧。
1897年，夏威夷與美國簽訂合併條約，美日軍艦在夏威夷展開軍事對峙。但礙於中國與俄國的戰略壓力，日本政府內反對再與美國有軍事衝突。
1898年，夏威夷共和國與美國合併，成為美國的一個地區。
二十世紀後，日本對於夏威夷的態度成為「興滅國」，與原夏威夷王室交好的日本利用在夏威夷島上的經濟優勢，以滿洲國模式企圖進行恢復夏威夷王國的工作，直到太平洋戰爭爆發。

1941年，珍珠港事變。一架被擊落的日本飛機迫降於島上，並接受島上居民的救助。但該名飛行員與該島上一名日裔美國人聯手進行破壞，事件平息後，成為二戰美國管制日裔美國人的導火線。
1945年，聯合國將夏威夷視為託管領土，由美國實施託管。
1959年，在爭議的公投之下，夏威夷成為美國的一州。爭議的原因在於具有投票權的不只是夏威夷原住民，也包括了島上美日移民與美軍，使得公投結果一面倒。
1998年，美國總統柯林頓為美國併吞夏威夷公開道歉。

来自“http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B”

利留卡拉尼女王

利留卡拉尼女王（Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii，1838年9月2日－1917年11月11日），原名為莉迪亞·卡瑪卡依哈（Lydia Liliʻu Loloku Walania Wewehi Kamakaʻeha），登基後改用皇室名字利留卡拉尼，之後又跟隨夫姓改名為莉迪亞·多明尼斯（Kaolupoloni K. Dominis），是夏威夷王國最後一位君主和唯一一位女王。

生平
出生於王室家庭的利留卡拉尼女王，在1862年9月16日與美國人約翰·奧雲·多明尼斯（John Owen Dominis）結婚，但並無育有兒女。由於並無兒女的關係，她選擇了她的姪女維多利亞·卡奧拉尼（Victoria Kaiulani）作為繼承人，可惜的是維多利亞在1899年逝世了。

利留卡拉尼女王在1891年1月17日繼承了她的兄長卡拉卡瓦的皇位。同年八月，其丈夫多明尼斯去世。在登基之後，她銳意要改修憲法，因為現有由美國人策劃制訂的刺刀憲法（Bayonet Constitution）限制了她的權力。可惜的是，當時的夏威夷基本上都被美國人控制，改革亦難以成行。在統治期不足三年的短暫情況下，1893年，利留卡拉尼女王被推翻，美國人並於翌年建立了夏威夷共和國。


被罷免後的生活
當時的美國總統格罗弗·克利夫兰頒佈了布隆特報告（Blount Report），在報告的結果顯示出推翻利留卡拉尼女王是屬於非法的行為，並向女王提出如她願意特赦所有有關人士的話可協助她重登王位。起初她堅持要將一干人等斬首而拒絕，在這種情況下，克利夫蘭總統將事件交由美國國會審議。雖然女王在1893年12月18日改變主意決定妥協，但臨時政府卻拒絕讓其復位。在另一方面，在1894年2月26日由美國參議院所提出的摩根報告（Morgan Report）則指出美國軍隊毋需為利留卡拉尼被推翻而負上任何責任，變相來說，推翻她的政權便變成了不是非法。其後，珊佛·杜尔（Sanford B.Dole）在1894年7月4日成立了夏威夷共和國，並得到美國政府的即時承認。

在1895年1月16日，利留卡拉尼女王因被人在其家花園發現槍支而被逮捕。雖然她堅持自己甚麼也不知道，但最終亦被判入獄五年與及罰款五千美元。不過，她在入獄期間是被囚於伊奧拉尼宮的，而且在1896年便獲得釋放。她隨後獲准返回檀香山的寓所居住直至1917年因中風逝世。而夏威夷共和國亦於1898年把主權交給美國，成為美國的海外領地。

雖然無法重登王位，但她亦堅持其王室的身份。另外，她的餘生有不少時間都在美國本土渡過，因為她試圖向美國政府追討45萬美元的財產損失，不過最後都失敗了。最後，夏威夷政府批准每年發放4000美元的養老金以及一幅24平方公里的蔗糖種植田地的收益給她。

利留卡拉尼女王本身亦是一名作家和作曲家，並留有不少名作。

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%95%99%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B

卡美哈梅哈一世

卡美哈梅哈一世（Kamehameha I，1758年－1819年），被尊称为卡美哈梅哈大帝，是夏威夷王国的开创者。他原是夏威夷岛的一个酋长，经过多年征战，于1810年统一了夏威夷群岛。

卡美哈梅哈的出生颇具神话色彩，据夏威夷当地历史记载，他是在彗星照临大地后出生的，因此生来就注定要统一夏威夷。据考证，哈雷彗星于1758年回归时，夏威夷全岛均可看见，而该年份又与卡美哈梅哈的年龄相符，因此可以推断他的出生年份当是1758年。

卡美哈梅哈在保持土著传统的前提下向西方学习，将其统治的夏威夷王国建设成为一个独立自主的国家，在几乎整个19世纪中成功抵抗了殖民主义者的进攻，因此他也被称为“太平洋的拿破仑”

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%BE%8E%E5%93%88%E6%A2%85%E5%93%88%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96

People of Hawaii

Hawaii is believed to be the most culturally, ethnically and racially integrated state in the USA. It is also the most ethnically diverse place in the whole world. It is perhaps the only place in the whole world where there is no majority- each community is a minority here. According to the 2000 census, 20% of the Hawaiian population confirmed their multi-ethnic backgrounds- a figure that is lot higher than any other U.S. state. While a quarter of the population claims Hawaiian ancestry, the half of Hawaii’s population claims Asian ancestry in part. Another part of the population claims a Caucasian ancestry in part.

The Hawaiians feel that it is essentially the inherent Hawaiian characteristics that make this diversity of the population possible in the first place. On a practical scale, this ethnic diversity is a result of inter-ethnic marriages; around 45 percent of marriages taken place in Hawaii are inter-ethnic, giving birth to the multi ethnic families and children with mixed ethnicity. In addition to that, Hawaiian people live in heterogeneous neighborhoods and interact through several social networks and as a result the development of culturally isolated pockets is nearly impossible in Hawaii.

A brief demographic history of Hawaii
Throwing some light on the demographic history of Hawaii will help in properly understanding the multi-ethnic society that Hawaii is today.

When Captain James Cook set his feet in Hawaii back in 1778 there were an estimated population of 300,000 to 400,000 native Hawaiians who were known as the kanaka maoli.

The next centuries saw a steady decline in the native Hawaiian population. By the last half of the 19th century, the native Hawaiian population dropped by an alarming 80-90%. This drop in the population was due the local people’s lack of immunity toward the diseases imported by the people of the outside world. By 1878, the native population reached to a scanty 40,000 and 50,000 people. This drastically small native population still comprised over 75% of the total population of Hawaii at that point of time.

Today’s people of Hawaii
Following consistent drop in the pure Hawaiian population, today it is rare to find people with pure Hawaiian blood. You won’t find more than 8000 people that have pure Hawaiian blood. On the other hand, the size of the population having mixed Hawaiian ancestry is steadily rising. Today a 255,000 and 275,000 mixed Hawaiians live in Hawaii. This segment of the population is regarded as the native Hawaiians in 21st century Hawaii, though majority of them are believed to have less than 50% pure Hawaiian blood. According to 1990 US census, the native Hawaiians comprise 12.5% of the population.

Whichever part of Hawaii you move, you will come to see a genuine camaraderie among the people of different ethnic backgrounds. This co-existence of diversity and solidarity is the symbol of Hawaiian tolerance that dates back to the days of early settlers when this ancient island accepted the Christian missionaries with good natured warmth.

The best thing about Hawaiian multi ethnic population is that it teaches you how to rise above the historical racial hatred and share a warm relation in a new land. The Chinese, Japanese and Korean immigrants living in this island state make for a good example of this phenomenon.

Today the only place in Hawaii, where you can observe the Hawaiian people and their culture in their purest form is Niihau. To set your feet in this private island, either you need private invitation or you have to take a helicopter tour over this traditional Hawaiian village.

http://www.hawaiitourtravel.com/hawaii_basics/people.php

人口/地理/语言/历史   

2000年夏威夷州的常住人口为1,211,537人，流动人口1,334,023人，(包括游客)。(1980年和2000年的人口调查显示，夏威夷的人口增长了百分之二十五点六。

位在太平洋中央的夏威夷群岛，于地底火山脉之海面上共延伸了1523英里之长。由火山所形成之8个主要岛屿、124个小岛，于环绕在各岛附近的礁岩、尖塔所组合而成。其中有人群居住的岛分别为：Niihau岛（你好岛）、可爱岛、欧胡岛、摩洛凯岛、拉奈岛、茂宜岛、与夏威夷大岛（西到东）。至于位于茂宜岛西南方的第八个主要岛屿“Kahoollaweii”（卡胡拉威岛）则为无人岛。

夏威夷是充满异国情调的岛屿，而它仍然是美国50个州的一个州，英语是我们的官方语言。但我们多元化的种族特性使得你在亚洲，欧洲及南美洲都能听到我们的语言。

夏威夷语和英语是夏威夷的官方语言。悦耳的夏威夷语是波利尼西亚岛的方言。它只有13个字母：A,E,H,I,K,L,M,N,O,P,U,W以及（‘），（‘）其实是声门塞音通常在oh后缀后出现，为了在发音上加以区分，你经常可以在单词的拼写上发现，如夏威夷这一单词就含有这一发音。

大岛的历史介绍

夏威夷族裔的祖先于南端卡拉也（Ka Lae）登陆，在与西方世界开始接触的一千多年前，他们就发展出自己的文明。夏威夷也是一个来自世界各国商人与捕鲸业者汇集于此的繁忙海港。华人是最早一批移民到此地的其他族裔，紧接着是日本人、韩国人及波多黎各人，主要是制糖工业吸引他们来此工作。在大岛上的居民非常珍视他们的文化遗产，到处都可见不同族裔对自身文化的骄傲感，而这种感觉表现在食物、风俗习惯、建筑、语言、民俗、工艺品，及生活方式上。

夏威夷岛多种族裔、多种文化的居民为此地创造出令人着迷多重面貌之艺术、文化、食物、庆典及历史。夏威夷岛面积四千零二十八平方英里，比您想象的要来的大。它是由五个巨大的火山经历长期喷发所形成。大岛的面积大小是全夏威夷群岛其他岛屿加起来的两倍大。更具体而言，大岛是美国德拉威州近两倍的大小，三倍于美国东北部罗得岛（Rhode Island），也差不多是卢森堡的三倍大。


摩洛凯岛

摩洛凯岛是夏威夷群岛的第五大岛，岛上的最西端与欧胡岛仅有22海里之遥。全岛长38英里、宽10英里，拥有88英里长的天然海岸线，岛上任何一处距离海边都不会超过5英里。根据科学家的考证，摩洛凯岛形成年代超过两百万年，东、西两座火山的喷发活动造就了此岛中部地区富饶可耕的平原土地，岛上居民迄今仍受其惠。
岛上靠西侧是较为干燥的起伏山峦、沙丘、放牧农场、以及绵延3英里全夏威夷最长的白沙海滩。岛屿东边则是峭壁耸立的狭长谷地，不仅地上覆盖着绿茸茸的苔藓，也长满了清脆的羊齿植物，而全世界最高的海岸峭壁就在此直深入波涛汹涌的太平洋中。岛屿的中南部地区就比较潮湿，遍地可见清香宜人的松树及浓密的竹林。艳阳高挂的南部海岸则具有长达28英里的白沙海滩，与造型奇特的大堡礁，为此地的游人提供了全年无休的海上活动与遮蔽保护。

可爱岛历史背景介绍

可爱岛的第一批居民是在公元200年左右来到岛上的，比其他各岛的居民要早五百年左右。岛上的居民享受着平和的环境。至今仍遵守着此地社会规范，有时严格呆板，有时自由自在。不同世代的王室交替承继使地可爱岛富裕繁荣。伟大的航海家詹姆士船长（Captain James Cook）是在可爱岛登陆而发现夏威夷的西洋人，他在一七七八年于威美亚岸上登陆，自此永远改变了这个隐蔽之岛的生活方式。
高慕阿利伊国王在卡美哈美国王企图征伐各地以统一夏威夷各岛屿时，可爱岛是唯一个反抗而不愿被占领的岛屿，她也因此而闻名。可爱岛的高国王（King Kaumalii）最后终于让步，而在自己垂危之际决定死后才让可爱岛归依为卡美哈美哈国王的领土,所以这个岛屿直到1810年还是一个独立的王国。

茂宜岛的传说

在夏威夷传奇故事中，有一位名叫“茂宜”的传奇神社。“茂宜”长久以来就照顾着岛上的居民，他认为白天太短暂了，因为太阳瞬即飞逝，以至于人们无法完成工作和享受生活。所以“茂宜”躲在岛上最高的火山口，对太阳神使出激将法的圈套，要求太阳神答应以后在空中要缓慢驶过。一直到今天，太阳神仍然保守着这个承诺，而且把哈雷阿卡拉火山当作他的家。这个夏威夷的古老传说至今仍在茂宜这个神奇的岛屿流传着，而现在产生这些传奇神话的夏威夷古老文化，要比往昔更加的有活力与生命力。独木舟、呼啦舞、赞美诗及音乐般的夏威夷语言。在此您到处可见他们对茂宜的过去感到骄傲，也对未来充满着无限希望。您也可以从到处可见友善亲切的人们身上感受到。这里还有更多的事物在令人惊奇的大自然里、在海与天是如此和谐的美景里，以及芬芳的花卉及瀑布里，有些人叫他aloha，而有些人干脆就叫称之为“茂宜”。

http://www.gohawaii.cn/basic/index.htm

此前还真不知道珍珠港事件时夏威夷还不是美国领土。日本人当时偷袭珍珠港是不是对夏
威夷这块土地有什么想法啊！

Lyman Museum & Mission House

The oldest wood-frame house on the island was built in 1839 by David and Sarah Lyman, a missionary couple who arrived from New England in 1832. This hybrid combined New England- and Hawaiian-style architecture and is built of hand-hewn koa planks and native timbers. Here the Lymans received such guests as Mark Twain and Hawaii's monarchs. The well-preserved house is the best example of missionary life and times in Hawaii. You'll find lots of artifacts from the 19th century, including furniture and clothing from the Lymans and one of the first mirrors in Hilo.

The Earth Heritage Gallery in the complex next door continues the story of the islands with geology and volcanology exhibits, a mineral rock collection that's rated one of the best in the country, and a section on local flora and fauna. The Island Heritage Gallery features displays on Hawaiian culture, including a replica of a grass hale (house), as well as on other cultures transplanted to Hawaii's shores. A special exhibit gallery features changing exhibits on the history, art, and culture of Hawaii.

http://www.frommers.com/destinations/hawaiithebigisland/A21333.html

About Mauna Kea Observatories

Hawaii is Earth's connecting point to the rest of the Universe.  The summit of Mauna Kea on the Island of Hawaii hosts the world's largest astronomical observatory, with telescopes operated by astronomers from eleven countries. The combined light-gathering power of the telescopes on Mauna Kea is fifteen times greater than that of the Palomar telescope in California -- for many years the world's largest -- and sixty times greater than that of the Hubble Space Telescope.

The observatories
There are currently thirteen working telescopes near the summit of Mauna Kea. Nine of them are for optical and infrared astronomy, three of them are for submillimeter wavelength astronomy and one is for radio astronomy. They include the largest optical/infrared  telescopes in the world (the Keck telescopes), the largestdedicated infrared telescope (UKIRT) and the largest submillimeter telescope in the world (the JCMT). The westernmost antenna of the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) is situated at a lower altitude two miles from the summit.


The geography of Mauna Kea

Mauna Kea ("White Mountain") is a dormant volcano on the island of Hawaii, the largest and southernmost of the Hawaiian Islands.  It is located about 300 km (190 miles) from Honolulu, which lies on the island of Oahu. The highest point in the Pacific Basin, and the highest island-mountain in the world, Mauna Kea rises 9,750 meters (32,000 ft) from the ocean floor to an altitude of 4,205 meters (13,796 ft) above sea level, which places its summit above 40 percent of the Earth's atmosphere. The broad volcanic landscape of the summit area is made up of cinder cones on a lava plateau. The lower slopes of Mauna Kea are popular for hunting, hiking, sightseeing, and bird watching in an environment that is less hostile than the barren summit area.


Why Mauna Kea is a unique site for astronomy

Mauna Kea is unique as an astronomical observing site. The atmosphere above the mountain is extremely dry -- which is important in measuring infrared and submillimeter radiation from celestial sources - and cloud-free, so that the proportion of clear nights is among the highest in the world. The exceptional stability of the atmosphere above Mauna Kea permits more detailed studies than are possible elsewhere, while its distance from city lights and a strong island-wide lighting ordinance ensure an extremely dark sky, allowing observation of the faintest galaxies that lie at the very edge of the observable Universe. A tropical inversion cloud layer about 600 meters (2,000 ft) thick, well below the summit, isolates the upper atmosphere from the lower moist maritime air and ensures that the summit skies are pure, dry, and free from atmospheric pollutants.
......

http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/mko/about_maunakea.htm

以日本当时的海上实力，他们可以把太平洋上许多岛国像琉球一样，都吞并。可小日本太贪婪，像拿破仑、希特勒等，一样贪婪，偏要惹中国、美国，还有俄国，这几个大国，最后玩完了罢。

GREAT BRITAIN'S QUEER MONUMENT TO CAPTAIN COOK

When I digressed from my personal narrative to write about Cook's death I left myself, solitary, hungry and dreary, smoking in the little warehouse at Kealakekua Bay. Brown was out somewhere gathering up a fresh lot of specimens, having already discarded those he dug out of the old lava flow during the afternoon. I soon went to look for him. He had returned to the great slab of lava upon which Cook stood when he was murdered, and was absorbed in maturing a plan for blasting it out and removing it to his home as a specimen. Deeply pained at the bare thought of such a sacrilege, I reprimanded him severely and at once removed him from the scene of temptation. We took a walk then, the rain having moderated considerably. We clambered over the surrounding lava field, through masses of weeds, and stood for a moment upon the door step of an ancient ruin - the house once occupied by the aged King of Hawaii - and I reminded Brown that that very stone step was the one across which Captain Cook drew the reluctant old king when he turned his foot steps for the last time toward his ship.

I checked a movement on Mr. Brown's part: "No," I said, "let it remain; seek specimens of a less hallowed nature than this historical stone."

We also strolled along the beach toward the precipice of Kealakeliua and gazed curiously at the semicircular holes high up in its face - graves, they are, of ancient kings and chiefs - and wondered how the natives ever managed to climb from the sea up the sheer wall and make those holes and deposit their packages of patrician bones in them.

Tramping about in the rear of the warehouse, we suddenly came upon another object of interest. It was a cocoanut stump, four or five feet high, and about a foot in diameter at the butt. It had lava bowlders piled around its base to hold it up and keep it in its place, and it was entirely sheathed over, from top to bottom, with rough, discolored sheets of copper, such as ships' bottoms are coppered with. Each sheet had a rude inscription scratched upon it - with a nail, apparently - and in every case the execution was wretched. It was almost dark by this time, and the inscriptions would have been difficult to read even at noonday, but with patience and industry I finally got them all in my note-book. They read as follows:

"Near this spot fell
CAPTAIN JAMES COOK
The Distinguished Circumnavigator
who Discovered these islands A.D. 1778.
His Majesty's Ship Imogene,
October 17, 1837."

"Parties from H. M. ship Vixen visited this spot Jan. 25 1858.''

"This sheet and capping put on by Sparrowhawk September 16, 1839, in order to preserve this monument to the memory of Cook."

"Captain Montressor and officers of H. M. S. Calypso visited this spot the 18th of October, 1858."

"This tree having fallen, was replaced on this spot by H. M. S. V. Cormorant, G. T. Gordon, Esq., Captain, who visited this bay May 18, 1846."

"This bay was visited, July 4, 1843, by H. M. S. Carysfort, the Right Honorable Lord George Paulet, Captain, to whom, as the representative of Her Britannic Majesty Queen Victoria, these islands were ceded, February 25, 1843."

After Cook's murder, his second in command, on board the ship, opened fire upon the swarms of natives on the beach, and one of his cannon balls cut this cocoanut tree short off and left this monumental stump standing. It looked sad and lonely enough out there in the rainy twilight. But there is no other monument to Captain Cook. True, up on the mountain side we had passed by a large inclosure like an ample hog-pen, built of lava blocks, which marks the spot where Cook's flesh was stripped from his bones and burned; but this is not properly a monument, since it was erected by the natives themselves, and less to do honor to the circumnavigator than for the sake of convenience in roasting him. A thing like a guideboard was elevated above this pen on a tall pole and formerly there was an inscription upon it describing the memorable occurrence that had there taken place; but the sun and the wind have long ago so defaced it as to render it illegible.

"MUSIC SOOTHES THE SAD AND LONELY"

The sky grew overcast, and the night settled down gloomily. Brown and I went and sat on the little wooden pier, saying nothing, for we were tired and hungry and did not feel like talking. There was no wind; the drizzling, melancholy rain was still falling, and not a sound disturbed the brooding silence save the distant roar of the surf and the gentle washing of the wavelets against the rocks at our feet. We were very lonely. No sign of the vessel. She was still becalmed at sea no doubt. After an hour of sentimental meditation, I bethought me of working upon the feelings of my comrade. The surroundings were in every way favorable to the experiment. I concluded to sing - partly because music so readily touches the tender emotions of the heart, and partly because the singing of pathetic ballads and such things is an art in which I have been said to excel. In a voice tremulous with feeling, I began:

"'Mid pleasures and palaces though we
may roam, Be it ever so humble there's no place
like home; H-o -m -e - ho-home - sweet,
swe-he-he - "

My poor friend rose up slowly and came and stood before me and said:

"Now look a-here, Mark - it ain't no time, and it ain't no place, for you to be going on in that way. I'm hungry, and I'm tired, and wet; and I ain't going to be put upon and aggravated when I'm so miserable. If you was to start in on any more yowling like that, I'd shove you overboard - I would, by geeminy."

"Poor vulgar creature," I said to myself, "he knows no better. I have not the heart to blame him. How sad a lot is his, and how much he is to be pitied, in that his soul is dead to the heavenly charm of music. I cannot sing for this man; I cannot sing for him while he has that dangerous calm in his voice, at any rate."

HUNGER DRIVETH TO DESPERATE ENTERPRISES

We spent another hour in silence and in profound depression of spirits; it was so gloomy and so still, and so lonesome, with nothing human any where neat save those bundles of dry kingly bones hidden in the face of the cliff. Finally Brown said it was hard to have to sit still and starve with plenty of delicious food and drink just beyond our reach - rich young cocoanuts! I said, "what an idiot you are not to have thought of it before. Get up and stir yourself; in five minutes we shall have a feast and be jolly and contented again!"

The thought was cheering in the last degree, and in a few moments we were in the grove of cocoa palms, and their ragged plumes were dimly visible through the wet haze, high above our heads. I embraced one of the smooth slender trunks, with the thought of climbing it, but it looked very far to the top, and of course there were no knots or branches to assist the climber, and so I sighed and walked sorrowfully away.

"Thunder! what was that!"

It was only Brown. He had discharged a prodigious lava-block at the top of a tree, and it fell back to the earth with a crash that tore up the dead silence of the palace like an avalanche. As soon as I understood the nature of the case I recognized the excellence of the idea. I said as much to Brown, and told him to fire another volley. I cannot throw lava-blocks with any precision, never having been used to them, and therefore I apportioned our labor with that fact in view, and signified to Brown that he would only have to knock the cocoanuts down - I would pick them up myself.

Brown let drive with another bowlder. It went singing through the air and just grazed a cluster of nuts hanging fifty feet above ground. '

'Well done!" said I; "try it again."

He did so. The result was precisely the same.

"Well done again!" said I; "move your hind-sight a shade to the left, and let her have it once more."

Brown sent another bowlder hurling through the dingy air - too much elevation - it just passed over the cocoanut tuft.

"Steady, lad," said I; "you scatter too much. Now - one, two, fire!" and the next missile clove through the tuft and a couple of long, slender leaves came floating down to the earth. "Good!" I said, "depress your piece a line."

Brown paused and panted like an exhausted dog; then he wiped some perspiration from his face - a quart of it, he said - and discarded his coat, vest and cravat. The next shot fell short. He said, "I'm letting down; them large bowlders are monstrous responsible rocks to send up there, but they're rough on the arms."

He then sent a dozen smaller stones in quick success;on after the fruit, and some of them struck in the right place, but the result was - nothing. I said he might stop and rest awhile.

"Oh, never mind," he said, "I don't care to take any advantage - I don't want to rest until you do. But it's singular to me how you always happen to divide up the work about the same way. I'm to knock 'em down, and you're to pick 'em up. I'm of the opinion that you're going to wear yourself down to just nothing but skin and bones on this trip, if you ain't more careful. Oh, don't mind about me resting - I can't be tired - I ain't hove only about eleven ton of rocks up into that liberty pole."

"Mr. Brown, I am surprised at you. This is mutiny."

"Oh, well, I don't care what it is - mutiny, sass or what you please - I'm so hungry that I don't care for nothing."

It was on my lips to correct his loathsome grammar, but I considered the dire extremity he was in, and with held the deserved reproof.

After some time spent in mutely longing for the coveted fruit, I suggested to Brown that if he would climb the tree I would hold his hat. His hunger was so great that he finally concluded to try it. His exercise had made him ravenous. But the experiment was not a success. With infinite labor and a great deal of awkwardly constructed swearing, he managed to get up some thirty feet, but then he came to an uncommonly smooth place and began to slide back slowly but surely. He clasped the tree with his arms and legs, and tried to save himself, but he had got too much sternway, and the thing was impossible; he dragged for a few feet and then shot down like an arrow.

"It is tabu," he said, sadly. "Let's go back to the pia. The transom to my trowsers has all fetched away, and the legs of them are riddled to rags and ribbons. I wish I was drunk, or dead, or something - anything so as to be out of this misery."

I glanced over my shoulders, as we walked along, and observed that some of the clouds had parted and left a dim lighted doorway through to the skies beyond; in this place, as in an ebony frame, our majestic palm stood up and reared its graceful crest aloft; the slender stem was a dean, black line the feathers of the plume - some erect some projecting horizontally, some drooping a little and others hanging languidly down toward the earth - were all sharply cut against the smooth gray background.

"A beautiful, beautiful tree is the cocoa-palm!" I said, fervently.

"I don't see it," said Brown, resent fully. "People that haven't clumb one are always driveling about how pretty it is. And when they make pictures of these hot countries they always shove one of the ragged things into the foreground. I don't see what there is about it that's handsome; it looks like a feather-duster struck by lightning."

Perceiving that Brown's mutilated pantaloons were disturbing his gentle spirit, I said no more.

PROVIDENTIALLY SAVED FROM STARVATION

Toward midnight a native boy came down from the uplands to see if the Boomerang had got in yet, and we chartered him for subsistence service. For the sum of twelve and a half cents in coin he agreed to furnish cocoanuts enough for a dozen men at five minutes' notice. He disappeared in the murky atmosphere, and in a few seconds we saw a little black object, like a rat, running up our tall tree and pretty distinctly defined against the light place in the sky; it was our Kanaka, and he performed his contract without tearing his clothes - but then he had none on, except those he was born in. He brought five large nuts and tore the tough green husks off with his strong teeth, and thus prepared the fruit for use. We perceived then that it was about as well that we failed in our endeavors, as we never could have gnawed the husks off. I would have kept Brown trying, though, as long as he had any teeth. We punched the eye-holes out and drank the sweet (and at the same time pungent) milk of two of the nuts, and our hunger and thirst were satisfied. The boy broke them open and we ate some of the mushy, white paste inside for pastime, but we had no real need of it.

After a while a fine breeze sprang up and the schooner soon worked into the bay and cast anchor. The boat came ashore for us, and in a little while the clouds and the rain were gone. The moon was beaming tranquilly down on land and sea, and we two were stretched upon the deck sleeping the refreshing sleep and dreaming the happy dreams that are only vouchsafed to the weary and the innocent.

MARK TWAIN.

http://www.twainquotes.com/18660830u.html

Mr. Ali’i Chang 的故事.

In the uplands of Maui, nestled along the skirt of Haleakala (House of the Sun) lay the beautiful gardens of Ali`i Kula Lavender.

AKL resides on an elevation of roughly 4000 ft. and is home to approximately 55,000 lavender plants and 45 different varieties of lavender, olive trees, hydrangea and protea blooming on 10.5 acres, offering the first and only Lavender Lifestyle experience on Maui. Cared for and created by Agricultural Artist and Horticultural Master, Mr. Ali’i Chang.
Relaxation, Rejuvenation and Renewal are all held in this magical place that the spirit calls home!

Ali`i is more than a Grower, he is Guardian.
The beauty of his work can be seen across our 10-acre stretch. On any given day he can be found nurturing his flowerbeds and lavender fields with attention and charm.
Though his lavender beauties are not native to Maui, they have settled on our majestic mountain with style and grace. Thriving in Kula’s perfect weather, our lavender blooms year round.

Lavender was given to Ali’i in 2001 by a dear friend and being the consummate gardener that he was, he planted the herb with the best of intentions to have it breathe and blossom into what AKL is today—a true work of art!

This masterpiece in which he calls his home speaks of the life he lives and the legacy he wishes to leave behind. His art of growing plants and enriching our resources is greatly enhanced and adorned by the many artifacts and collectable's Ali’i has acquired over his many years of travel and entrepreneurship. These accented pieces give way to the incredible detail and richness that takes form in his craft.

Alii prides himself on having an impeccable and ever-changing canvas for all eyes and takes considerable pride in his work and the work of his people. And though his flowers could never look more beautiful as they do, or his plants could never grow better than he already makes him,....he will always find ways to create something incredulously impressive….he is a true perfectionist.

http://www.aliikulalavender.com/akl_lifestyle_AliiStory.asp

Ali'i

Aliʻi is the hereditary chiefly or noble rank (class, caste) in traditional Hawaiian society. The aliʻi were the highest class, ranking above both kahuna (priests) and makaʻāinana (commoners). Chief is the most conventional translation of the term, although "lord" and "lady" are also in use. Propositions to use "Prince" and "Princess" have not received broad support. The aliʻi class consisted of the high and lesser chiefs of the various realms in the islands. They governed with divine power called mana.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%27i

The Queen of Excess, Mae West, said it best: "Too much of a good thing is wonderful." More of Mark Twain, in any format, truly is wonderful. The Audio Partners abridged version of Mark Twain's Letters from Hawaii is tasty enough to make a cat cry. Like a young lady's skirt should be, the audio is long enough to cover the subject but short enough to be interesting. At three hours, the recording is a comfortable evening escaping television or is just the balm to ease the morning and evening commute for a week or so. It does not contain all the material previous book versions of the same contain. So what? The unwashed masses probably have not read the printed editions--but they might enjoy a tidbit delivered through the ear--and that might stir them to read something else of Twain.

The content of the recordings is based on a series of twenty-five letters that a relatively unknown journalist named Mark Twain wrote for the Sacramento Daily Union in 1866 when he spent four months in Hawaii, known then as the Sandwich Islands.

McAvoy Layne is a Mark Twain impersonator and former resident of Hawaii. His career there included working as a news director of a few different radio stations. Layne's performance is clear, distinct, properly interpretive and convincingly emoted. He lightly massages the multi-syllabic native Hawaiian words such as "ahahui kaahumanu" and "Kamehameha" effortlessly and convincingly. Layne's diction and pronunciation truly are admirable. However, even Layne misses a note now and then, mispronouncing a few words such as "pestilence" which he pronounces "peshtilence" and "conjecture" which comes out as "conjecshture" and occasionally comes short of perfection in intonation. But this reviewer is not pedantic and will take his sugar with a bit of grit mixed in and still be happy.

Nothing is perfect. There are minor faults with the abridgement. A bit too much time is devoted to the death and funeral customs of a certain princess (not Diana) and I could have stood a little less of the wreck of the clipper ship Hornet (big news then, but now...hardly). But the good trumps the bad and when I hear McAvoy Twain tell about his journey on the mule Oahu or about his attempts to ease the seasickness of passenger Brown, or about his keen-eyed enjoyment of the local custom of nudity among the young native girls while swimming, then I snicker, giggle, chuckle and guffaw. And when I hear again about Captain Cook's slaying by the native Hawaiians, hearing both the English history and the native version of the event, I believe both sides of the story and even remember being there myself, so convincing is Twain/Layne.

As noted, the audio is an abridgment of previous print versions of Twain's letters. There are no reference notes to indicate which printed edition the producers used for their source material. This reviewer compared the recordings to the University of Hawaii Press edition of 1975. The audio contains only about one-fifth of the material in that book. The audio is organized such that it follows the organization or order of the material in the book, but in no case does the audio contain a full chapter or letter from the book. One assumes that marketing considerations drove the design and content of the audio, but one wonders about the actual editing that resulted in tedious details about the clipper ship Hornet while leaving out hilarious commentary on the poor quality of cigars available in Hawaii in Twain's day, when Twain said it took a couple tons of the local smokes to satisfy one man one evening. And the recording has at least one instance of possible bowdlerization. In the book, Twain once referred to Balboa as an "infatuated old ass" but the audio is satisfied calling him an "infatuated old man." Since no source for the letters used in this production is given, the question of who made such editorial revisions remains unanswered.

The bottom line? The audio is a good effort, entertaining for Twainiacs undoubtedly.

http://www.twainweb.net/reviews/LayneHawaii.html

波利尼西亚

波利尼西亚(Polynesia由希腊文poly及nesoi共同组成，poly意为众多，nesoi意为岛屿)
　　太平洋三大岛群之一。火山岛是由海底的火山喷发物质主要是熔岩堆积而成，如波利尼西亚群岛中的夏威夷群岛，至今火山还在活动着，其特点是海拔较高，地势险峻。
　　中太平洋的岛群。意为“多岛群岛”。位于太平洋中部，180°经线以东，南纬30°至北纬30°之间。陆地总面积约20000平方千米。人口约 142万，多为波利尼西亚人。主要包括夏威夷群岛、中途岛、威克岛、图瓦卢群岛、汤加群岛、社会群岛、土布艾群岛、土阿莫土群岛、马克萨斯群岛、纽埃岛、萨摩亚群岛、托克劳群岛、库克群岛、莱恩群岛、菲尼克斯群岛、约翰斯顿岛、瓦利斯群岛、富图纳群岛、皮特凯恩群岛等。陆地总面积2.7万平方公里。人口约 142万，多为波利尼西亚人。主要是波利尼西亚人，身材高大，深褐色皮肤，头发呈直线形或波浪形。居民多信奉基督教，通用波利尼西亚语。官方语言除法属波利尼西亚为法语外，多为英语。除图瓦卢、西萨摩亚和汤加已独立，库克群岛和纽埃岛内部自治外，余分属美、英、法等国。由火山岛和珊瑚礁组成。赤道附近各岛属热带草原气候，其它各岛属热带雨林气候。波利尼西亚中部是台风源地之一。矿物有磷酸盐、镍、铬等。沿海产珍珠。盛产并出口椰干，还产可可、甘蔗、天然橡胶等。旅游业发展迅速。
　　人种志上的一群岛屿，其分布遍于中东部太平洋海面上一个巨大的三角形地带，三角形的顶角为夏威夷群岛，两个底角分别为新西兰及复活岛。波利尼西亚(Polynesia由希腊文poly及nesoi共同组成，poly意为众多，nesoi意为岛屿)包含萨摩亚群岛(美属萨摩亚及西萨摩亚)、库克群岛、法属波利尼西亚(包括塔希提岛和其他社会群岛的岛屿、马克萨斯群岛、土布艾群岛和土阿莫土〔Tuamotu〕群岛)、纽埃(Niue)岛、托克劳(Tokelau)群岛、图瓦卢(Tuvalu,从前的埃利斯〔Ellice〕群岛)、汤加群岛、瓦利斯群岛和富图纳群岛(Wallis and Futuna)、夏威夷群岛和皮特凯恩(Pitcairn)群岛等岛屿群。纽西兰的原住民毛利人也是波利尼西亚人。斐济群岛由于有很大比例的人口是波利尼西亚人，有时也被列入波利尼西亚的范围内。
　　岛群由火山岛和珊瑚礁组成。主要为热带海洋性气候。由于地域广阔，各群岛气温和降水量有差异。年平均气温中部为26℃以上，其他地区约为24～25℃。年降水量赤道两侧附近岛屿较少，菲尼克斯群岛为 1000～1500毫米，圣诞岛只有 700 毫米，而其他岛屿为2000～3000毫米。波利尼西亚中部是飓风源地之一。波利尼西亚岛群为国际海、空航线和许多海底电缆的必经之地，具有重要战略地位。经济以农业为主。盛产并出口椰子、热带水果，还产可可、甘蔗和香草等。有磷酸盐等矿产。旅游业发展迅速。沿海产珍珠和鱼类。
　　除图瓦卢、西萨摩亚和汤加已独立，库克群岛和纽埃岛内部自治外，余分属美、英、法等国。
　　①汤加王国位于波利尼西亚的西南部。由约170个岛屿组成。面积697平方千米。1970年6月4日宣布独立。经济以农业为主，主产并出口椰干和香蕉。首都努库阿洛法。
　　②法属波利尼西亚，位于太平洋中南部，主要包括社会群岛、土布艾群岛、土阿莫土群岛、马克萨斯群岛、甘比尔群岛、刀罗蒂里群岛（巴斯群岛）和拉帕岛等。陆地面积4000平方千米。首府帕皮提。
　　③纽埃（新），位于南太平洋中部。陆地面积258平方千米。首府阿洛菲。
　　④萨摩亚群岛，位于斐济东北，为南太平洋海、空交通的枢纽。主要由乌波卢岛、萨瓦伊岛及土土伊拉岛等13个岛屿和珊瑚礁组成，陆地总面积3144平方千米。群岛分东、西两部分，西萨摩亚已经独立，东萨摩亚仍为美国占领。东萨摩亚陆地面积197平方千米，产并出口椰干、香蕉、水果、鱼罐头，首府帕果帕果。
　　⑤托克劳群岛（新），又称尤宁群岛，位于萨摩亚群岛以北。陆地面积12平方千米，人口2000。主产椰子、可可、香蕉。
　　⑥图瓦卢，位于萨摩亚群岛西北。陆地总面积为26平方千米，主要为波利尼西亚人，1978年10月1日独立。居民多从事椰子种植和捕鱼。首都富纳富提。
　　⑦库克群岛（新），位于萨摩亚群岛东面，分南、北两部分。陆地总面积240平方千米。盛产并出口柑橘、椰干、蕃茄及珍珠贝，还产香蕉、咖啡、木薯、菠萝等。首府阿瓦鲁阿。
　　⑧瓦利斯群岛和富图纳群岛(法)，位斐济和萨摩亚群岛间。陆地总面积153平方千米 。产椰子、薯类、芋头、香蕉。首府马塔乌图。
　　⑨皮特凯恩(Pitcairn)群岛（英），位于土阿莫土群岛东南面。面积5.2平方千米 。主产水果、鱼类，首府亚当斯敦。
　　历史：
　　依据考古证据和比较的语言相同性之判断，专家们认为来自美拉尼西亚的移民大约在3,000∼4,000年前定居于波利尼西亚中部。后来其中一部分的人群又向更遥远的波利尼西亚地区迁徙。马克萨斯群岛可能早在西元300年就已经有萨摩亚人定居，复活岛则可能早在公元400年就有萨摩亚人从马克萨斯群岛至此定居。夏威夷也同样居住著一些来自马克萨斯的航海者，他们迁入的时间在公元500∼1000年之间；来自社会群岛的探险者在几个世纪以后也到达了这里。社会群岛可能最后来定居于库克群岛的波利尼西亚人的原始居住地。马克萨斯和社会群岛两者之一则是新西兰岛民(他们在公元1000年前的某个时间开始定居于此)的原始居住地。各种波利尼西亚语言散布地被使用于太平洋上一片广大区域，它们之间有密切的关联，这一点可以支持考古学上认为波利尼西亚文化的扩散相对上是很近期的事情的说法。
　　在与欧洲人接触以前，波利尼西亚群岛的聚居方式可以分为小村落和村庄两种类型。在较大的火山群岛上，由于食物的来源不同，并分布于不同的环境地带，因此居民一般采取小村落的聚居方式。这些小村落的房舍四五成群地聚集在一起，果园、芋头园、椰子树和面包树就环绕在房舍的旁边。村庄由30或更多的房舍所组成，这种型式的聚落可见于萨摩亚和新西兰(特别是沿岸地区)，它们通常都有一道石墙或木堑以资防卫。新西兰毛利人所建的村庄有最精密和使人印象深刻的防卫设施。
　　亲属模式和家族继嗣制度是小村落和村庄的组织原则。波利尼西亚常见的亲属模式是以扩大的父系制和夫父居家族为基础。然而，收养也很常见，而社会习俗也具弹性。某些波利尼西亚社会里(如塔希提岛和夏威夷)，在较有利的情况下，一个人可循母系制继嗣；父系继嗣虽然是社会的习尚，但继嗣在实际上却可以是双边的。在波利尼西亚社会中，「宗支型」是以亲属关系为基础的继嗣群中最常见的一种。这种继嗣群的继嗣权由长子传给长子，并将祖先上溯到过去的神话中。一个独立地区或岛屿的酋长被视为第一个占领或征服这块土地的长者世系最直接嫡裔。「继嗣家系」是波利尼西亚社会中亲属组织的另一种主要类型，它似乎是「宗支型」组织下层结构倒塌的结果。继嗣家系并不考虑个人在父方继嗣系统中相对位置的高低，也不考虑一条继嗣家系与另一条继嗣家系的谱系关系。
　　酋长在古代的波利尼西亚社会里虽然拥有最高的社会地位，且无疑是整个群体神圣力量的执著者，但他并没有被视为与众不同。后来这套系统在某些玻里尼西亚社会里(诸如夏威夷、塔希提和汤加)被一种新的秩序所取代。酋长的家族(有时候是以声望和势力来取决的)把自己确立为一个有别于一般人的阶级，而他们的地位也变得世袭罔替。他们将系谱上溯至一些创造神，而创造神又是马那(mana,一种非凡的与超自然的力量)所从生的神祇。这些社会设有一套严格的禁忌(触犯禁忌的人常被判以死刑)以保护酋长，防范那些血统与地位不同的人接近他。它也是维护酋长权位的宗教性支柱。这些社会中阶级分明，战事频繁。值得注意的是，在这类型的社会中，如果一个基督教的传教士想成功地推翻原有的宗教信仰，他首先要能说服酋长改信基督教。由于酋长的权力深植于传统的宗教信仰，并且必须透过宗教的禁忌以有效的执行，因此假使社会的宗教信仰发生改变，酋长对人民的许多掌控也将随之丧失。
　　宗教和巫术在波利尼西亚的传统文化中扮演著重要的角色。波利尼西亚人的神种类繁复，恶神与善神具全。这些神灵的地位与重要性各有不同，有些属于万神殿(这些神曾参与宇宙的创造)，有些则是非常地方性的神。各神都有一套专属的祭祀仪式，由不同种类的祭司主祭。宗教仪式包括献祭(有时候会用人来当献祭品)、吟唱、大宴和丰年祭。波利尼西亚文化中的一个关键信仰是人们相信万事万物(不管有生物或无生物)都各自具有一个马那。这种马那是动态的，人会因为不当的行为而减损、削弱乃至于丧失他的马那。妇女尤其被人视为具有力量(虽然是不洁)的生物，人们相信妇女可以污染某些地带土地或树丛的圣洁，也相信她们可以污染不计其数她们碰到过的没有生命的物体。波利尼西亚人依据马那的原则建立了一套精密的社会规则系统，以供保护马那和避免触犯禁忌之用。巫术也同样的流行，有无数跟求爱、战争、复仇、农耕与捕鱼有关的仪式被执行。
　　玻里尼西亚的文化是一个依海洋为生计的文化。但一如其他依海洋为生计的文化，园艺业和树木栽培在此并未受忽视。除了鱼类以外，软体类和甲壳类动物也是食物的主要来源。捕鱼通常是一种群体活动，一队人一起将鱼群(有时候甚至是海豚和鲸鱼)驱向岸边或一起撒网与拉网。海湾和礁湖并非波利尼西亚人捕鱼的唯一地点；玻里尼西亚的渔人也在他们栖息岛屿四周的广大海洋上活动，找寻石斑鱼和鲔鱼群，有时也捕到鲨鱼和美味的鳐鱼。其他的主食与副食一般由果园和栽种的林木提供。甜马铃薯、芋头、面包果、香蕉、甘蔗和椰子都是波利尼西亚具重要食用价值的农作物，但对所栽种农作物的选择则视特定社会的需求和生长条件而定。以胡椒属作物根部制成的卡瓦酒(kava)不含酒精，是一种成年人喜爱和在典礼中饮用的饮料。
　　食用的植物也同时为波利尼西亚的物质文化提供了制作的原料。面包树的木头被用于制造独木舟，它的树液则可供填充船缝之用。面包树(或构树类植物)的内皮在经过浸泡以後，可以捶制成一种称为「塔帕」(tapa)的衣服。某些植物的叶子可供编织席子、衣服、船帆和其他家庭用品。从制品的样式中，可以看出波利尼西亚人是技艺高超的工匠与艺术家。设有舷外浮子的独木舟在岛民生活中扮演著本质性的角色。这种独木舟既便行于浅水的礁湖，也便于架放在礁石上，并易于拖回岸上，它在跟另外一艘独木舟装并在一起时便成为一艘双体独木舟。无论是单体或双体独木舟通常都装有用席造成的帆。供岛际往来和移民探险之用的双体独木舟体形非常巨大，食水深度达30∼45公尺(100∼150呎)。这种独木舟的甲板上还设有一间用茅草盖成的船屋。它可载运整个家庭的人、畜和农作物，在海洋上走一段极为遥远的路程。
　　随著时间的变迁，不同岛屿的人群各自发展出其特有的艺术技巧。从社会群岛、复活岛和马克萨斯岛石头庙宇的颓垣败瓦中，可以看出岛民对石工与建筑技巧的精娴。功能性的用品(独木舟、作战用的棍棒、跳舞用的盾牌、鱼钩)都设计精美、装饰细致。波利尼西亚人在制作羽毛斗篷时所花的功夫非常惊人，他们先把数以千计细小而罕见的羽毛集合成一簇一簇，再把这一簇一簇的羽毛重叠成行地系成一件极为精致的网状编织品。
　　波利尼西亚社会财货和劳务的交换以互惠和再分配为特色。这个交换系统在20世纪晚期仍然很明显地存在，它是波利尼西亚社会早期土地拥有习俗的一种反映。土地在传统的波利尼西亚社会中是共有的，每个家庭都可以分配到一块耕作地。然而，随著社会组织的发展，每个岛屿都各自发展出特有的土地分配方式——其中部分的分配方式以社会阶级的高低而定。
　　波利尼西亚与欧洲文化的接触始于18世纪头十年晚期，这种接触彻底地改变了玻里尼西亚人的生活方式。寻找财富与热衷传播基督教的西班牙探险家是最早到达波利尼西亚的欧洲人。阿尔瓦罗•德•孟丹努厄•德•雷瓦拿(Alvaro de Mendana de Neira)在1595年登陆马克萨斯群岛，佩德罗•费尔南德斯•德•吉洛许(Pedro Fernandez de Quiros)则在1606年发现了土阿莫土群岛与北库克群岛。葡萄牙人在不久之后也到达这里。塔斯曼(Abel J. Tasman)在1642年发现了新西兰，之后又发现了汤加群岛。英法两国对波利尼西亚的探险始自1767年，当时英国航海家沃利斯(Samuel Wallis)发现了塔希提岛，而法国航海家布干维尔(Louis-Antoine de Bougainville)也到达了塔希提岛，他随后又发现萨摩亚群岛。英国海军军官及探险家科克(James Cook)船长在1769和1770年环新西兰的两个主岛航行，绘下海图，并在之后抵达了塔希提岛。科克在1778年登陆了夏威夷群岛，并将它命名为桑威奇(Sandwich)群岛，以表示对桑威奇伯爵的敬意。几乎所有的波利尼西亚岛屿都曾展开对欧洲人的反抗行动，但都为时甚短。
　　1898年美国兼并了夏威夷；法国在1880年兼并了马克萨斯和社会群岛；智利在1888年提出它对复活岛的主权；英国在1840年兼并了新西兰，又在1901年兼并了库克群岛；汤加则始终保持独立王国的地位(但从1900年开始受英国的保护)。到19世纪末所有的波利尼西亚岛屿都落入欧洲列强与美国的控制之下。西属萨摩亚在20世纪获得独立(1962)；1929年美属萨摩亚成为美国的领地；1959年夏威夷成为美国的第五十州；1947年新西兰获得独立，成为大英国协的一员；库克群岛政治上依赖于新西兰；马克萨斯群岛、社会群岛及土阿莫土群岛则共同构成了法属波利尼西亚(法国的海外领地)。
　　殖民者和基督教的传教士(尤其是后者)在向波利尼西亚人灌输西方信仰系统与生活方式的同时，成功地铲除了波利尼西亚本土的传统与习俗。大部分传统的生活习惯不是被西方的生活习惯所取代就是与之混合。萨摩亚和汤加是所有的波利尼西亚岛屿中传统文化保存较多的两个地区。在别的地方，西方文化的影响几乎显著地随处可见，尤以消费品最明显。
　　对许多西方艺术家和作家来说，波利尼西亚的生活方式具有相当浪漫色彩的吸引力，因为在他们眼中，那是一种简朴而自然的生活方式，不受「文明」和资产阶级态度的束缚。法国画家高更死前几年都在塔希提岛和马克萨斯岛上生活与绘画，把波利尼西亚的土人与文化当成创作的题材。另一个例子是梅尔维尔(Herman Melville)，他年轻时曾在一些太平洋航线上的捕鲸船上工作，后来把这段在南太平洋的生活经历写在《太比︰波利尼西亚生活一瞥》(Typee:A Peep at Polynesian Life,1846)及《奥摩︰南太平洋冒险记》(Omoo:A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas,1847)两本书中。

http://baike.baidu.com/view/52689.htm

塔希提岛

Tahiti
　　大溪地
　　南太平洋中部法属玻里尼西亚社会群岛中向风群岛的最大岛屿。同它最接近的是西北方20公里(12哩)处的莫雷阿岛(Moorea)。 大溪地拥有2座被侵蚀的古火山锥︰大溪地努伊(Tahiti Nui)和大溪地伊蒂(Tahiti Iti, 即塔亚拉普〔Taiarapu〕半岛)，由塔拉瓦奥(Taravao)地峡连接在一起。总面积1,042平方公里(402平方哩)。 帕皮提(Papeete)位于西北岸，为本岛行政中心，也是法属玻里尼西亚的首府。
　　塔希提岛是南太平洋上的波里尼西亚群岛118个岛中的最大之岛，是法属波里尼西亚国际机场和首府所在地，总面积约一千平方公里，形状从空中鸟瞰似尾鱼，鱼头鱼身被称为「大大溪地」（Tahiti Nui），鱼尾叫「小大溪地」（Tahiti Iti），目前人口约有十万余人。玻里尼西亚群岛位于南半球，新西兰东北方，夏威夷之南，塔希提岛在南纬17°32′、西经149°34′。它是一个“8”字形的火山岛，由两个火山高地组成，陆地面积1042 平方公里。人口9.6万，主要为波利尼西亚人，还有华侨、华人。华人习惯上称之为“大溪地”。主要城市帕皮提，是法属波利尼西亚的首府。属热带海洋气候。中部为山地，沿海为平原。原为王国，1842年沦为法国保护国。1880年改称殖民地，1958年成为法国的海外领地，官方语言为法语。主产椰油、蔗糖、香草、磷灰石、水果、珍珠贝等。旅游业发达。
　　除沿海有条肥沃的平原外，大溪地岛多山而崎岖，塔希提努伊的奥罗黑纳(Orohena)山海拔2,237公尺(7,339呎)，大溪地伊蒂的罗纽(Roniu)山海拔1,323公尺(4,340呎)。 有许多湍急的溪流，最大的是帕佩诺(Papenoo)河，在岛的北坡下泻入海。岛全长53公里(33哩)，沿岸有珊瑚礁与潟湖。自然植被包括椰子树、露兜、马缨丹、木槿及热带果树。
　　塔希提岛位於东南信风带内，南部湿润(年雨量2,500公釐〔100吋〕以上)，北希提岛保罗•高更博物馆内院部较干燥(年雨量约1,800公釐〔70吋〕)，大部分雨量降在12月至翌年3月。气温由7∼8月的24℃(76℉)到1∼2月的29℃(84℉)。 这种气候适宜种植椰子(产品是椰仁乾)、甘蔗、香草和咖啡，都生长在沿海平原，由西北岸的帕皮提装船外运。
　　塔希提的原住民是来自社会群岛另一座岛屿赖阿特阿(Raiatea)的玻里尼西亚人，该岛是玻里尼西亚文化的扩散中心。他们在大溪地建立了与等级制关系密切的政治单元，以每座庙宇周围的家庭为基础，大酋长兼祭司，在神力认可下握有相当大的权力，但同下属们的关系是互惠的。这种社会在欧洲人影响下消失了，相互通婚以及法国人的同化政策，产生了一个以玻里尼西亚文化为基本型态的民族，但和其他民族(主要是法国人及华人)有大量混血，受法国文化的影响很深。
　　1767年英国海军瓦利斯(Samuel Wallis)船长来到大溪地(当时一般称奥大赫地〔Otaheite〕)，将本岛命名为国王乔治三世岛，接著又有布干维尔(Louis-Antoine de Bougainville)於1768年来到岛上，他宣布本岛属于法国。1769年英国航海家科克(James Cook)及1788年英国科学考察船「恩惠号」(HMS Bounty)船长布莱(William Bligh)皆到过本岛。最早的长久定居的欧洲人是伦敦新教会的成员(1797)，他们协助当地波马雷(Pomare)家族控制了全岛。波马雷二世(1803∼1824)皈依了基督教，战胜了大溪地其他诸酋长，建立一个具有文字法律的「教会王国」。在波马雷三世(1824∼1827)及女王波马雷四世(1827∼1877)在位时，大溪地人与教会对抗，疾病、卖淫、酗酒氾滥，又有欧洲商人和流浪汉的影响，教会权威受到了挑战。1836年女王放逐两名法籍天主教士，引起法国於1842年派来一艘军舰，要求赔偿，并设为法国保护地。1880年波马雷五世(波马雷女王之子)退位，大溪地被宣布为法国殖民地。本岛现为法属玻里尼西亚海外自治领范围内向风群岛区的一部分。
　　大溪地已成为一个重要旅游中心，旅客可经跨越太平洋航线上的港口帕皮提以及帕皮提附近的法阿(Faaa)机场来此。人口131,309(1988)。
　　塔希提岛阳光明媚，气候宜人，一派绮丽的热带风光，被誉为“太平洋上的明珠”和“世界乐园”。岛上山清水秀，绿草如茵，到处是成林的棕榈树、椰子树、芒果树、面包树、鳄梨树、露兜树、香蕉树、木瓜树，热带水果四季不断。特产珍珠。
　　岛的中部悬崖陡峭，峡谷幽深，海拔2237米的奥雷黑纳山在岛上拔地而起，高耸入云，飞瀑从峭壁上泻下，直落入碧潭之中，溅起珠辉玉丽。几条小溪从山上蜿蜒流下，分成几路注入太平洋。沿岸，一排排屋顶镀锡的茅草房点缀在绿荫之中，在阳光的照射下熠熠闪光，别有风味。
　　岛上多海滨浴场，海滩优良，适于游泳、泛舟和休息，好像是热带人间仙境。在这里游客还可以乘坐玻璃底的游艇，观赏海底的珊瑚礁和珍奇鱼群。
　　塔希提人皮肤黑里透红，体态健美，性情豪放，能歌善舞。逢年过节或喜庆日子，妇女们头戴花冠，套上鲜花颈饰，穿上稻草编成的金黄色草裙，在皮鼓、吉他的节奏声中翩翩起舞，男人们也聚集在一起争相献技，表演各种节目。游客们在此期间可以欣赏到表现波利尼西亚历史、风俗、宗教的舞蹈、杂技；可以听到悠扬悦耳的民间乐曲；还可以观看赛龙舟和“劈椰子”比赛。赛龙舟是波利尼西亚的一项重大的民间活动，据说是为了纪念他们的祖先于五、六世纪时从东南亚驾木舟漂洋过海来岛定居。
　　1761年英国航海家瓦利斯登上了塔希提岛，法国航海家布甘维尔和英籍库克船长接踵而来。以后，塔希提岛以其迷人的风光和异国情调吸引了许多西方游客，其中包括文学家梅尔维尔、史蒂文森、杰克·伦敦和画家高更等知名人士。特别是20 世纪60 年代，美国影片《布恩蒂船长的反抗者》向全世界展示了塔希提岛的美妙新天地后，大批游客狂潮似地涌向塔希提岛，从此，塔希提岛成了冒险和消遣的代名词。
　　大溪地位于南太平洋岛屿的地理位置,这里四季温暖如春、物产丰富。衣食无忧的人们常常无所事事地望着大海远处凝思,这种忧郁或是悠闲的状态一般都要维持整个下午。然后是日落,然后是天亮。阳光跟着太平洋上吹来的风一同到来,海水的颜色也由幽深到清亮。他们管自己叫“上帝的人”，人们管那里叫“最接近天堂的地方”。
　　1716年，英国舰队意外地发现了大溪地这个百花飘香的人间乐土，他们想不出更好的名字，只好用“海上仙岛”这样通俗的比喻来定义它。时间过得很快，世事无常，大溪地与它最初的发现者没了瓜葛,成了法属波里尼西亚五大群岛中最大的一个岛屿，而昔时的景色则超越着“沧海桑田，良辰美景奈何天”的一般规律，依然耀眼。
　　一个叫高更的人和他曾经在那里的生活。《月亮和六便士》说，高更抛弃所有不顾一切来到这个小岛然后画起了这里的少女。住在屋顶镀锡的茅草房里,塔希提少女相对而坐，素色的小花簪在发际静静地散发着芬芳。这样的生活一过就是12年。大溪地是印象派画家，抽象主义大师高更的生活与精神家园，高更不顾一切，离开巴黎，远涉重洋，到南太平洋上的tahiti 岛上生活、画画，在这里，高更沉迷于被称为人间天堂的大溪地的绚烂和谐的自然风光与原始质朴的人文，开启了自己艺术的心门，达到了绘画事业的顶峰，并品尝到了真实纯朴幸福的生活。
　　大溪地是总面积约一千平方公里的岛屿,在南半球新西兰的东北方,从空中俯瞰像一尾鱼,所以人们把鱼头鱼身那截叫做“大大溪地”,鱼尾那端则叫成“小大溪地”。岛上的风景宛如仙境般纯净魅力，是夏日度假避暑的最佳选择。 海水纯净得让人感动，在美景中人的身心可以得到最大的放松，世外桃源般的生活让世人向往。
　　大溪地是南太平洋著名的旅游圣地，被称为人间天堂——上帝恩赐的礼物！
　　玻里尼西亚的神话里，大溪地珍珠是由造物主给和谐与美丽之神 Tane 的首数点光。Tane以这些光点照亮了天宫的地窖，它们的形态和光亮也为他带来灵感，创造了星星。然后，Tane把光点带给海洋之神 Rua Hatu，让他照亮海域。替Tane 办事的战争与和平之守护神Oro，把这首数颗珍珠，送给了由他选定为他繁衍后代的凡间女子，作为定情之物。在他完成凡间的任务后，他把珍珠贝“Te ufi”交给了凡人，以纪念他曾到过尘世。自此以后，属于cumingi品种的珍珠贝“Te ufi, Pinctada margaritifera”，便在法属玻里尼西亚的环礁湖里繁盛生长。在玻里尼西亚的文化里，最初两颗神话里的珍珠，是由守护神 Oro，送给了一位凡间公主。战争与和平之神，是《Poe Rava》、非凡的《Peacock》及《Poe Konini》，雕上圆环的珍珠。两者均见证了大溪地珍珠的亘古源流。
　　世界十大度假胜地之一的大溪地，将于9月15日正式对中国公民开放，辽阔的南太平洋地区有望成为今后中国公民旅游度假的新亮点。
　　大溪地位于南太平洋海域，由118个岛屿组成，分成5个群岛，即社会群岛、图阿姆图群岛、甘比亚群岛、马库塞斯群岛和奥斯塔拉群岛。
　　据悉，为方便中国游客的出游，大溪地航空公司将航班进行了调整。中国公民可以选择每周一、周六的航班前往大溪地。大溪地当地各大国际连锁酒店集团和旅行社也在为迎接中国游客的到来做准备。
　　据介绍，大溪地政府十分重视环境保护和可再生资源利用，多处岛屿被世界自然资源保护协会评为“自然保护区”。

http://baike.baidu.com/view/86100.htm

美国《国家地理》
草裙舞之外的夏威夷

2005-03-17 00:00
Paul Theroux 文/宁蒙 编译

    这片歌舞升平的小岛，它的文化核心并非音乐或者享乐，而是肃穆以及对神灵的敬仰。　

　　来到夏威夷的旅游者们看到的，往往是这里的外基基海滩以及其他一些肤浅的景致，比如性感的草裙舞，喧嚣的宴会以及纸醉金迷的生活。不可否认，正是这些带动了夏威夷的经济，让这个小岛在全世界闻名遐迩。然而，当地一位颇受敬重的文化顾问克里福德·纳奥里却说：“这些销售和市场策划让人们对夏威夷文化产生了错误的印象。”

  　尽管已经在这个太平洋小岛上度过了10个冬天，但当我最初听到这番话时，仍然感到费解。夏威夷就是一个人间天堂，草裙舞、聚会、火山……偶尔还能听到热情好客的夏威夷人用当地语言交谈，这几乎就是一个旅游者眼中全部的夏威夷。

  　然而，情况并非如此。这个歌舞升平的小岛，它的文化核心并非音乐或者享乐，而是肃穆以及对神灵的敬仰。此外，看似悠闲、无所事事的岛上居民，其实有着悠久的文化传统代代相传，其中包括捕鱼、冲浪、航海等等。

　　库克船长纪念碑——夏威夷文化的衰落

　　每天清晨，阳光洒在位于小岛边缘的库克船长纪念碑上，就会在地上投下一段长长的影子，库克船长就是在1779年被愤怒的夏威夷人刺杀于此。这座纪念碑标志着夏威夷文化首次受到外来势力的冲击，对于许多夏威夷人来说，这也意味着夏威夷绵延一千多年的灿烂文化就此衰落。

　　库克船长带领的英国船队成为登陆夏威夷岛第一人之后，当地文化逐步遭到压制。大约在19世纪20年代，殖民者们颁布禁令，不允许夏威夷人表演草裙舞，理由是当地人表演这种舞蹈是为了赞颂包括造物主、丰收神以及战神在内的夏威夷神灵，这被信仰基督教的殖民者视为离经叛道的行为。随后，夏威夷语也被写进了禁令。

　　1959年，夏威夷被美国宣布为第50州。当时，小岛上原有的文化几乎已经消失殆尽。尽管当时的美国政府要求当地人必须证明自己拥有至少50％的夏威夷土著血统方能成为美国公民，但夏威夷文化依然受到排挤，当地人依然无法正大光明地用自己的母语来交流。

　　20世纪70年代，随着卡霍奥拉维岛的恢复、航海的再度繁荣、“墓地之战”以及传统草裙舞的复兴，夏威夷文化得以重获新生。

  　其实，早在20世纪50年代末，夏威夷人就已经开始为自己争取应有的权利了。当时，政府把在美国本土施行的政策原样用于太平洋里的这个小岛。岛上居民对此非常不满，于是借美国民权运动之机向政府发难，随后在越战期间成长起来的一些激进派更为此多次举行游行示威。

　  夏威夷的另一面

  　20世纪70年代末，夏威夷人开始为夺回被美军据为基地的卡霍奥拉维岛而努力，这正式标志了夏威夷文化复兴的开始。卡霍奥拉维岛位于夏威夷群岛中的第二大岛毛伊岛西南部，岛上拥有大约2000处历史遗迹。从1941年起，这个小岛便被美军占领，用于轰炸训练。这在夏威夷人中激起了公愤，人们进行各种示威游行，希望能尽早将美军驱逐出境。这场抗议活动一直持续到1990年方告结束，美国军队从小岛撤出，夏威夷州政府决定重建小岛，将其作为夏威夷传统文化的保存地，并在岛上举行各种宗教仪式。

　　传统航海文化的再度繁荣，则是促使当地文化复兴的另一个重要因素。夏威夷人的航海活动早在14世纪就已经逐渐衰落，但是造船的手艺以及借助天象辨识方向的本领仍在一些边远的小岛世代相传。20世纪70年代，那些古老的技术成了年轻一代的最爱，于是，夏威夷人又开始了海上的征程，航海作为夏威夷传统文化的一个重要组成部分也再度流行。

  　至于所谓的“墓地之战”，实际上反映的是外来商业势力与夏威夷当地传统之间的一场较量。20世纪80年代中期，曾有投资者提议在毛伊岛海边的一片墓地上修建丽嘉酒店度假村，这立即引起了当地人的反对。由于反对力量非常强大，投资者不得不在进行了一年的协商后，于1989年放弃了这个计划，将酒店建在了远离海岸墓地的区域。正是在这场“墓地之战”后，夏威夷州通过了一项旨在保护当地文化遗产的法案，为日后维护传统文化提供了法律基础。

  　草裙舞恐怕是夏威夷最有代表性的活动了，它的表演形式多种多样，一个舞者可以表演，一队舞者也能表演。如今的夏威夷人，正是用这种载歌载舞的方式迎接远道而来的客人。然而，夏威夷人并非将其视为一项单纯的娱乐，一段草裙舞可能是在追忆历史、讲述传说、向神灵祈福或者赞颂当地的一位伟大首领。对于他们来说，草裙舞是无字的文学作品，是他们的生命和灵感，也是让外界了解他们的窗口。

  　历史上任何人试图压制草裙舞的做法最终都以失败告终，而且只会给它带来更多的滋养，让它更茁壮地成长。1964年，夏威夷人进行的文化反击就曾以草裙舞作为一面旗帜。这次文化反击是由卡莫哈莫哈学校的格拉迪·布兰迪发起的。卡莫哈莫哈建立于1887年，是夏威夷规模最大、也最重要的私立学校。曾在这里担任校长的布兰迪女士如今已经96岁高龄，她还是个孩子的时候，正值外来文化入侵夏威夷时期。尽管她是个天生的舞者，她的父亲却禁止她跳草裙舞，认为只有接受西方文化才可能有所作为。布兰迪成为老师之后，立刻改变了学校不允许女孩跳草裙舞的规矩，她的做法在当时引起了很大轰动，也激励了许多人为保护草裙舞这一传统而不懈努力。

玻理尼西亚文化的起源

夏威夷的文化是波理尼西亚文化七种文化中的一种。其它的六种是莎摩亚(Samoa) 、纽西兰( New Zealand) ，菲济 (Fiji) ，玛贵斯 (Marquesas)，大溪地 (Tahiti)和汤加 (Tanga)。

　　类似于中国开天劈地的传说，也类似于圣经里上帝创造天地的故事，波理尼西亚人也相信，世界还没有产生的时候，宇宙一片混沌，无形无尽，只有黑暗和虚无。黑暗在时空中经过几亿年的包容，一个愿望诞生了，首先诞生了大地母亲，她的名字叫做帕帕 (Papa)；接著，光也诞生了，他就是天空父亲，名字叫哇凯啊(Wakea)。当天空和地球拥抱的时候，男性之光穿破女性的黑暗，天地间的对立面如白与黑，男和女，好和坏等等诞生了。世界上所有的生物都要在光的照耀下才能成长，在黑暗中(或土壤里)才能孕育。这种对立面之说到也和中国道教的阴阳哲理很类似。

　　天空之父和地球之母生下了一大批伟大的神灵。首先出世的是缔造之神卡涅(Kane)，因为是长子，他统治其他神灵。海洋之神卡纳娄阿(Kanaloa)；工作之神库(Ku)，农业和痊愈之神罗诺(Lono)，都是万物的男性祖先之神，权力的起源。当这些神降临夏威夷的时候，狂风，雷霆和闪电肆虐，大地为之颤栗。女性神灵也诞生了。喜娜(Hina)，又称好婺妹阿(Haumea)，是繁育和女工之神，腊伊腊伊(Lailai)，人性之神。

　　这些神又不断交配，诞生很多新的神。因为波理尼西亚文化中有很多神灵，不同的神灵要用不同的动物，食物，甚至活人做祭供祭供，他们地位和祭享很讲究；其神灵的贵贱，权势的大小，以他们在光之父，地球之母那最初的家族中的排列地位而定，越长者资格越老，地位越高。波理尼西亚文化和世界上其他文化传说不同的地方是，他们的原祖是神也是人，但是他们灵魂不灭，不断轮回投胎到酋长家族里，一种叫做"玛那"(Mana)的灵气从他们最初的既人既神如帕帕和哇凯啊及其后人那里不断发送给变成酋长的神的后代。有无"玛那"，也是社会区分统治和被统治阶级的标准。这些神灵不象圣经中亚当和夏娃那样世俗，尽是凡胎俗骨，很类似中国传说中能补天的女娃，兼神和人的两面性。

　　就象中国的皇帝自以为是天之骄子，波理尼西亚文化中将酋长当作是神的后代，这给酋长们带来神秘的光环，并使波理尼西亚文化的卡普制度变得非常合理。卡普是夏威夷土语，意思是禁忌。它规定平民贵族世袭，平民见到酋长要行礼，见到不同等级的酋长要行不同的礼；平民身体的影子不准投射到酋长的房子上，不准从酋长的篱笆外或门前前走过；男女不能同桌吃饭，女人不准吃香蕉、猪肉和鲨鱼肉等。这禁忌制度其实是统治阶级为了方便自己的统治所编制的管理社会的制度，它从宗教、政治和社会制度上，对各个阶层的人做严格和细致的规定，稍有逾越，便是死罪。从现代人的眼光来看，卡普禁忌制度其实就是维持王权的制度。

　　在波理尼西亚文化众多的神中，值得一提的是火山爆发女神--裴蕾。在波理尼西亚总神名位排列中，裴蕾是好婺妹阿的后代，她是在许多其他的神灵到达夏威夷很久以后才来到的，但很快成为夏威夷最活跃的神灵。波理尼西亚是太平洋中的群岛，都是由火山爆发形成，然而目前还活跃的活火山，是在夏威夷群岛，很自然，裴蕾是真正属于夏威夷本土文化的神灵。

　　传说中的裴蕾是个善变的女神，也是夏威夷人最最敬畏的女神。外表上，她可以是丰韵万千的少妇，也可以是冷静、历经沧桑的朐背老妇，她的同伴总是一条纯洁的白狗。她的情绪反复无常，高兴时容光焕发，情欲旺盛；不高兴时火山爆发，地动山摇，搅得人间天翻地覆。关于女神裴蕾的传说很多很多。

　　裴蕾有很多兄弟姐妹。和她关系最好的是哥哥卡.莫荷阿力伊(Kamohoalii)，水和生命的监护人，他常常化做鲨鱼，有时也变成人身，双手刺满图腾看上去漆黑一团。当裴蕾被姐姐扫地出门，被迫到太平洋其他地方落脚而飘泊到夏威夷的时候，哥哥卡.莫荷阿力伊化作鲨鱼，一路护送他心爱的妹妹。她还有哥哥卡涅.黑其里(Kanehekili)，雷霆之神；哥哥卡叵荷伊卡喜 噢啦(Kapohoikahiola)，爆炸之神；凯梧阿阿 凯叵(Kauaakepo)，是水之精火之神；凯噢阿喜卡玛卡呜阿(Keoahikamakaua)，是火焰和火山岩浆中的火箭。裴蕾还有很多姐妹，拉卡 (Laka， 是繁育之神，和裴蕾自己一样，是舞蹈的爱好者；但卡拉有双重性格，她的另一面是巫术。姐妹卡. 噢黑娄(Kaohelo)是凡人，死后变成火山附近草丛里一种能吃的红草莓。女神喜.伊阿嘎 (Hiiaka)出生时是一个蛋，是裴蕾最心爱的是小妹妹。裴蕾逃难时将她压在自己的胳膊窝里孵育，到夏威夷后才出生。在所有波理尼西亚众神中，只有喜.伊阿嘎是真正在夏威夷出生的神。夏威夷艺术家卡尼赫伯在左图中将如上神话维妙维肖地用形象表达了出来。

　　不是所有的姐妹都喜欢裴蕾。姐姐娜.玛克噢卡哈伊 （Namakaokahai），是海和水之神。传说裴蕾引诱了娜玛克噢卡哈伊的丈夫而被姐姐赶出家门，裴蕾非常怕水，斗不过这个姐姐，便逃窜大溪地，不得已跑到夏威夷定居。她在夏威夷群岛他们最先落脚的地方是群岛最北端的你好（Nihao）岛。

　　因为裴蕾女神要保护火种，她必需挖坑。但每次她将抗挖好（火山口），好报复的海和水之神的姐姐就将火种扑灭。裴蕾斗不得已沿着夏威夷群岛朝东南方向退却，从你好岛退到可爱岛(Kauai)，又退到欧湖岛(Oahu)，最后在毛宜岛(maui)被姐姐撕裂，夏威夷人认为裴蕾的肉体现在还埋葬在毛宜岛的一个山上。因为裴蕾是神，肉体毁了，然而她的灵魂却逃到夏威夷群岛的最南部的岛屿--夏威夷大岛(The Big Island) 上面。据说在玛纳娄阿(Maunaloa) 山脉的奇乐威尔(Kilauea) 山头，裴蕾终于找到了姐姐到达不了的家园 妈吾妈吾(Hale Maumau)。因为裴蕾丢掉了凡人的身体，从而成为永远定居夏威夷的真正女神。

　　波理尼西亚人关于裴蕾的神话，和现代的地理考察结果有惊人的相似之处。夏威夷群岛从西北向东南方向在太平洋里发展，各个岛上很多火山口都有水淹的迹象，如可爱岛的死火山口现在就是一片沼泽地。至于裴蕾女神安息之地妈吾妈吾，是在大岛的玛纳娄阿山脉的山顶，玛纳娄阿山脉如果从海底根部算起的话，是世界上最大的山脉，海拔一万多英尺，所以遭水淹的可能性不大，裴蕾尽可高枕无忧了。

http://www.huangshantour.com/chinese/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=1525

地球上最高的山峰（山体高度最高）叫什么名字？

珠穆朗玛峰 夏威夷的莫纳克亚山 坦桑尼亚的乞力马扎罗山

地球上最高的山峰叫莫纳克亚山，它是夏威夷岛上的制高点。

莫纳克亚山是一座死火山，它的海拔高度，即比海平面高出4206米。但是如果从海底量到山顶的话，它就高达10200米，比珠穆朗玛峰还高1200米。

通常，我们谈论山峰的海拔高度，是指从海平面到山顶的垂直距离。而山体的高度是从山脚到山顶的垂直距离。

因此，珠穆朗玛峰海拔8844.43米，是世界上海拔高度最高的山峰，但它并不是山体高度最高的山峰。

测量山峰的高度比我们通常想象的要讲究得多。因为我们很容易找到一座山峰的山顶。但是山脚在哪里，却往往并不是那么容易找到的。

例如坦桑尼亚的乞力马扎罗山海拔高5895米，有人说它比珠穆朗玛峰高，因为它位于非洲平原，在广阔的平原上直冲云霄；而珠穆朗玛峰在海拔很高的青藏高原上，它只是那里的无数山峰之一，并且世界上的其他13大高峰也位于青藏高原。因此青藏高原上的珠穆朗玛峰看起来远远没有非洲平原上的乞力马扎罗山那么引人注目。

还有一些人认为，最符合逻辑的测量方法应该是从山顶到地心的距离。

因为地球的形状不是个完美的球体，而是稍微有点扁，这表现在赤道半径比两极半径长约21000米。这对位于赤道附近的那些山峰来说，例如安第斯山脉的钦博拉索山峰（厄瓜多尔中部），是好消息，因为那里的地面离地心更远。但如果按这种方法丈量，就会出现一些有趣的情况，即厄瓜多尔(位于南美洲西北海岸)的海滩居然比喜马拉雅山还高。

喜马拉雅山脉虽然非常巨大，但它还相当年轻。它隆起时，恐龙已经死了2500万年了。

在尼泊尔，珠穆朗玛峰被称为“世界之母”；在西藏，它被称作“天空的前额”。珠穆朗玛峰就好像一个正在长身体的健康少年，目前它还在以每年4毫米的速度长高。

http://vip.book.sina.com.cn/book/chapter_42952_29339.html

水火交融，夏威夷大岛国家火山公园奇观

夏威夷大岛国家火山公园，是世界最活跃的活火山群所在地。或许因为这里居住的夏威夷火山女神Pele心地善良的关系。火山群总是一年四季，不分昼夜温和地迎接着她的子民的祭拜，以及世界各地的科学家和游客的探访。作为夏威夷唯一的世界文化遗产，夏威夷国家火山公园成为大岛乃至夏威夷的地标。在这里，上可到空旷的火山顶领略一下“火星”日落感，下可到丛林激流探险；但最美妙难忘的经历，莫过于安全的观看火山喷发熔岩入海的宏伟景观，再到活火山肚子里的溶洞欣赏！

旅途中，时不时亮在眼前的小鸟，稀奇的植物，说不定是濒临灭绝的珍稀物种。吓人的蝙蝠，慵懒的海龟，也经常不经意地冒出来，好奇地打量游人。运气好的话，能碰上难得的火山灰上特有的植物，也算不虚此行了。在这些可爱的又珍贵的动植物的陪伴下，在火山上爬山涉水乐趣多多，一点也不觉得疲惫了。

到火山公园看熔岩喷发，最佳季节是每年7月份。在那时，公园的火山处于最活跃的时期，熔浆喷发落地，热情翻腾着缓缓流入汹涌的大海，蒸汽如烟如云，谋杀了无数簇拥在观景台的摄影师和游客的菲林！而岸边冷却凝结的熔岩礁石，却显得无比暗黑冷酷。誓不两立的水火，在这里不断的冲击对抗。如此近距离的观看世上最具毁灭性却又无法远离的两个元素抗衡，给人带来的感受无法用言语表达完全。只有亲身经历，那海水拍岸的涛声，岩浆翻腾的沸腾声，海水遇上高温岩浆瞬间蒸发成烟云的嘶声…… 夹杂着海风送入耳中；再加上眼中火热流动的红岩浆，映的半红的天与蓝天蓝海交接，岸边已凝结不知多少年季的礁岩……自己，只不过天地一蝼蚁罢了！

观赏完火山喷发的壮丽景观，再到熔岩通洞中走走，体会一下对大地母亲的肃然起敬，听一些相关讲解，都是很不错的选择。还可以到大岛美丽的乡间一游，到咖啡园走走，看看瀑布…… 总而言之，一次旅行，是不足以欣赏到大岛，甚至是火山公园的全貌的。每一次探秘，都会带给游客无数的惊喜。夏威夷假日网将与您继续大岛之旅，敬请期待！

国家火山公园旅行小Tips：
1 千万不能拣这里的火山石回家做纪念，会带来厄运——来自官方的警告哦！据说许多人不听劝，结果厄运连连，直至把石头带回夏威夷火山才解去。
2 一定要穿上舒适的能包住全脚的鞋子，以防受伤！

http://www.hawaii-day.com/pages/cn/guide/2009-01/89.shtml

莫纳克亚山天文台

莫纳克亚山天文台坐落在美國夏威夷群島大島上的毛納基山頂峰上，是世界著名的天文學研究場所。所有的設施都在毛納基的科學保留區，佔地500英畝，被特別稱為「天文園區」的土地內。天文園區在1967年設立，由夏威夷大學的管理處承租該區的土地，並且由許多國家合作在科學與技術上投資了美金20億。天文園區位於對夏威夷文化有歷史意義的土地上，成為歷史保存行動要保護的土地，因為夏威夷的歌謠歷史故事稱毛納基山是夏威夷人祖先的發源地。他的高度和孤立在太平洋的中央，使毛納基山成為在地球上進行天文觀測很重要的陸上基地，對次微米、紅外線和光學，都是理想的觀測地點。在視象度上的統計，顯示在光學和紅外線上都有很好的影像品質，例如，加法夏望遠鏡一般都有0.43秒角的解析度。

為讓研究人員能適應環境，在海拔2,835米(9,300英尺)處建立了天文學家中心，並為訪客在2,775米(9,200英尺)建立了遊客中心。毛納基山的高度使得科學家或訪客都必須在此處停留至少30分鐘，才能在抵達山頂前能先適應高山的環境。

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E7%B4%8D%E5%9F%BA%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%8F%B0

为力是否受旅游局的委托，在向华人市场推销旅游产品，
呵呵，现在任何地方都不景气。

我上去了的！ 很冷啊。

人站立在云的上面， 有种特别圣洁的感觉。当然那儿的空气很稀薄. 也非常非常的冷. 站在车外，手冻的受不了。 只好脱了袜子套在手上保暖:-) 我特别喜欢看落日, 但这次真可以说是最美丽的了. 云柔软的遮盖了山下的每一寸空间，随着太阳一点点的沉下去， 云的颜色变幻无穷 。只是瞪着眼睛看， 怕错过了什么. 下山的时候又是星光灿烂。

kayak到  Captain Cook Monument 。 那儿是Snorkeling最好的地方。 水特别的清， 不用Snorkeling也可以看到鱼， 海参， 海星，库克船长就是在那儿死去的。 据说那块地属于UK。 库克船长的故事很有趣。他很高， 6‘4， 开始把他当神， 最后将他杀了。

--
Captain Cook Monument
Location - Approx. 20 miles South of Kailua-Kona.
Water Entry / Exit -Load up your kayak before entering the water. Kayak to Captain Cook andbeach your gear in the small cove to the west of the monument. Walkdown the lava rocks into the calm waters. You can also jump off of thewall next to the monument, but make sure you jump out so you do not hit the rocks immediately below. For more details, photos, and tips, visit our Captain Cook page.

Snorkel Route- Turn east towards the monument as you enter the water. The bestsnorkeling is the area in front of and east of the monument. TheseHawaiian waters are crystal clear with 100 ft. visibility. You will seelots of colorful fish. The vibrant reef stretches out to beyond 80 feet in depth. Investigate the drop off at 30 ft. depth not far from the shore.

Extras- Crystal clear water; shaded area for picnic; historic monument;abundance of sea life; possible sea turtle sightings; shallow reefoffers excellent snorkeling conditions; free-diving excellent too.

我刚在大岛呆了8天。

因为离火山近， 在Hino（总是下雨的）这边住了3晚。木房子掩映在热带雨林里，清晨总是在鸟的歌声中醒来的。 然后搬到了西边阳光明媚的Kailua-Kona住了5天。这张是我住的地方的二楼阳台. 我早上在那儿喝茶, 看书, 写明信片, 听鸟叫和海浪。

照了很多非常漂亮的照片。 等有空了来写。对了我还去了农贸市场。 木瓜很便宜， 吃了很多。买了一个1.5磅的avocado， 一直没熟也没机会吃。 想偷渡到加州， 但被机场的 X-Ray 照出来了， 灰溜溜的丢在垃圾筒了！

谢谢露西顶线。
关于夏威夷，我开了几条照片线，一会儿给你连接。
请你帮我看看这篇游记。http://www.yidian.org/viewthread.php?tid=13554.html

我会再加2千字，写火山、海啸。

另，露西你的照片太好。请另开线，放入你的文集或博克，以后好查找。

面对可能发生的海啸 夏威夷希洛市准备好了吗？

国际在线报道(记者 钟秋)：在美国夏威夷岛上的希洛市，居民和游人们每天都沉醉在碧海蓝天或是骤雨彩虹之中，生活悠闲自得。但在一些老人的内心深处，上世纪发生在希洛的那两场海啸仍然如恶梦一般，时刻惊扰着他们的回忆。也许他们这辈子再也不会遇到海啸，但有一个问题一直令他们放心不下：面对可能发生的海啸，希洛准备好了吗？子孙们准备好了吗？

　　这个嘈杂的声音来自美国太平洋海啸预警中心。一旦太平洋海底或浅海发生地震，警报声便提醒科学家们尽快对地震波形进行分析，判断地震是否可能引发海啸。如果可能，科学家们将及时向太平洋地区各个可能受影响的国家和地区发布警报。那么，有关国家或地区在接到警报之后该如何做呢？

　　太平洋海啸预警中心主任查尔斯·麦克里里告诉记者，"事实上，接下来，是否该给公众发布海啸警报，是否应当进行人员撤离都是由各国地方当局自主决定的。预警只是其一，关键在于应对计划。"

　　麦克里里所说的应对计划正是饱受海啸威胁的希洛市正在筹备的。市长哈里·金回忆说，在1975年希洛遭受海啸侵袭之后，希洛就出台了一整套海啸应急计划，明确各个部门和人员的职责。其中包括，由谁来发布警报，谁来组织人员疏散，向哪里疏散人员以及怎样疏散等等。

　　事实上，美国在指导公众避灾方面一直采取政府与民间协作的方式。通常情况下，地方政府的应急机制必须在接到海啸警报后15分钟内启动，并开始向安全地区疏散群众，相关的政府官员都要接受专门的训练。

　　但哈里·金还是十分担心，一旦警报响起，有人会好奇地去海边观看，也有人可能不服从撤离安排。

　　"世界上最难的工作也许要数在公众与政府间建立信任了。最近，美国西海岸的一部分州接到海啸警报，但最终没有发生海啸。一名警长就曾经对我说，海啸预警中心小题大做，其实根本不用撤离。当地居民也认同警长的看法。那么我要问，如果下次真有海啸发生，当地居民会听谁的？这就是现实。"

　　哈里·金感叹说，1946年和1975年发生在希洛的两场海啸令人印象深刻，但幸存者们要么相继过世、要么搬离了此地，似乎没有多少人记得这些历史了。为了时刻提醒人们潜在的危险，希洛市在学校设置专门课程，进行海啸防灾演习；经常在当地媒体上刊登文章，讲述海啸的危害以及如何防护；并募集资金筹建了太平洋海啸博物馆。

　　在太平洋海啸博物馆内，一位年过古稀的解说员正在讲述她如何躲避海啸灾难的故事。这位名叫内间的女士是1946年希洛海啸的幸存者，时隔半个世纪，她想起海啸时的场景仍然觉得后怕，甚至至今都不敢去聆听海浪的声音。但是她告诉记者，经历过一场海啸之后，她感觉自己有责任将海啸的危险告诉所有人，因此海啸博物馆一成立，她就来到这里当起了解说员。

　　"希洛这个地方多发海啸，因此我们必须做好准备。在我看来，了解海啸的危险、传播怎样避难的知识是这里每个居民的责任。"

　　在希洛的街头，矗立着许多喇叭状的深绿色警报器。据当地人介绍，每个月的第一个星期三是夏威夷人进行防灾演习的日子。遥望海边，海浪平静地涌上沙滩，真心地希望希洛这座美丽的城市不再遭受海啸的侵袭。

http://gb.cri.cn/8606/2005/12/25/401@834800.htm

THE GREAT VOLCANO OF KILAUEA

I suppose no man ever saw Niagara for the first time without feeling disappointed. I suppose no man ever saw it the fifth time without wondering how he could ever have been so blind and stupid as to find any excuse for disappointment in the first place. I suppose that any one of nature's most celebrated wonders will always look rather insignificant to a visitor at first, but on a better acquaintance will swell and stretch out and spread abroad, until it finally grows clear beyond his grasp - becomes too stupendous for his comprehension. I know that a large house will seem to grow larger the longer one lives in it, and I also know that a woman who looks criminally homely at a first glance will often so improve upon acquaintance as to become really beautiful before the month is out.

I was disappointed when I saw the great volcano of Kilauea (Ke-low way-ah) to-day for the first time. It is a comfort to me to know that I fully expected to be disappointed, how ever, and so, in one sense at least, I was not disappointed.

As we "raised'' the summit of the mountain and began to canter along the edge of the crater, I heard Brown exclaim, "There's smoke, by George!" (poor infant - as if it were the most surprising thing in the world to see smoke issuing from a volcano), and I turned my head in the opposite direction and began to crowd my imagination down. When I thought I had got it reduced to about the proper degree, I resolutely faced about and came to a dead halt. "Disappointed, anyhow!" I said to myself "Only a considerable hole in the ground - nothing to Haleakala - a wide, level, black plain in the bottom of it, and a few little sputtering jets of fire occupying a place about as large as an ordinary potato-patch, up in one corner - no smoke to amount to any thing. And these 'tremendous' perpendicular walls they talk about, that inclose the crater! they don't amount to a great deal, either; it is a large cellar - nothing more - and precious little fire in it, too." So I soliloquized. But as I gazed, the "cellar" insensibly grew. I was glad of that, albeit I expected it. I am passably good at judging of heights and distances, and I fell to measuring the diameter of the crater. After considerable deliberation I was obliged to confess that it was rather over three miles, though it was hard to believe it at first. It was growing on me, and tolerably fast. And when I came to guess at the clean, solid, perpendicular walls that fenced in the basin, I had to acknowledge that they were from 600 to 800 feet high, and in one or two places even a thousand, though at a careless glance they did not seem more than two or three hundred. The reason the walls looked so low is because the basin inclosed is so large. The place looked a little larger and a little deeper every five minutes, by the watch. And still it was unquestionably small; there was no getting around that. About this time I saw an object which helped to increase the size of the crater. It was a house perched on the extreme edge of the wall, at the far end of the basin, two miles and a half away; it looked like a martin box under the eaves of a cathedral! That wall appeared immensely higher after that than it did before.

I reflected that night was the proper time to view a volcano, and Brown, with one of those eruptions of homely wisdom which rouse the admiration of strangers, but which custom has enabled me to contemplate calmly, said five o'clock was the proper time for dinner, and therefore we spurred up the animals and trotted along the brink of the crater for about the distance it is from the Lick House, in San Francisco, to the Mission, and then found ourselves at the Volcano House.

On the way we passed close to fissures several feet wide and about as deep as the sea, no doubt, and out of some of them steam was issuing. It would be suicidal to attempt to travel about there at night. As we approached the lookout house I have before spoken of as being perched on the wall, we saw some objects ahead which I took for the brilliant white plant called the "silver sword," but they proved to be "buoys" - pyramids of stones painted white, so as to be visible at night, and set up at intervals to mark the path to the lookout house and guard unaccustomed feet from wandering into the abundant chasms that line the way.

By the path it is half a mile from the Volcano House to the lookout-house. After a hearty supper we waited until it was thoroughly dark and then started to the crater. The first glance in that direction revealed a scene of wild beauty. There was a heavy fog over the crater and it was splendidly illuminated by the glare from the fires below. T he illumination was two miles wide and a mile high, perhaps; and if you ever, on a dark night and at a distance beheld the light from thirty or forty blocks of distant buildings all on fire at once, reflected strongly against overhanging clouds, you can form a fair idea of what this looked like.

THE VISION OF HELL AND ITS ANGELS

Arrived at the little thatched look out house, we rested our elbows on the railing in front and looked abroad over the wide crater and down over the sheer precipice at the seething fires beneath us. The view was a startling improvement on my daylight experience. I turned to see the effect on the balance of the company and found the reddest-faced set of men I almost ever saw. In the strong light every countenance glowed like red-hot iron, every shoulder was suffused with crimson and shaded rearward into dingy, shapeless obscurity! The place below looked like the infernal regions and these men like half-cooled devils just come up on a furlough.

I turned my eyes upon the volcano again. The "cellar" was tolerably well lighted up. For a mile and a half in front of us and half a mile on either side, the floor of the abyss was magnificently illuminated; beyond these limits the mists hung down their gauzy curtains and cast a deceptive gloom over all that made the twinkling fires in the remote corners of the crater seem countless leagues re moved - made them seem like the camp-fires of a great army far away. Here was room for the imagination to work! You could imagine those lights the width of a continent away - and that hidden under the intervening darkness were hills, and winding rivers, and weary wastes of plain and desert - and even then the tremendous vista stretched on, and on, and on! - to the fires and far beyond! You could not compass it - it was the idea, of eternity made tangible - and the longest end of it made visible to the naked eye!

The greater part of the vast floor of the desert under us was as black as ink, and apparently smooth and level; but over a mile square of it was ringed and streaked and striped with a thousand branching streams of liquid and gorgeously brilliant fire! It looked like a colossal railroad map of the State of Massachusetts done in chain lightning on a midnight sky. Imagine it - imagine a coal-black sky shivered into a tangled network of angry fire!

Here and there were gleaming holes twenty feet in diameter, broken in the dark crust, and in them the melted lava - the color a dazzling white just tinged with yellow - was boiling and surging furiously; and from these holes branched numberless bright torrents in many directions, like the "spokes" of a lady's fan, and kept a tolerably straight course for a while and then swept round in huge rainbow curves, or made a long succession of sharp worm-fence angles, which looked precisely like the fiercest jagged lightning. These streams met other streams, and they mingled with and crossed and recrossed each other in every conceivable direction, like skate tracks on a popular skating ground. Sometimes streams twenty or thirty feet wide flowed from the holes to some distance without dividing - and through the opera-glasses we could see that they ran down small, steep hills and were genuine cataracts of fire, white at their source but soon cooling and turning to the richest red, grained with alternate lines of black and gold. Every now and then masses of the dark crust broke away and floated slowly down these streams like rafts down a river. Occasionally the molten lava flowing under the superincumbent crust broke through - split a dazzling streak, from five hundred to a thousand feet long, like a sudden flash of lightning, and then acre after acre of the cold lava parted into fragments, turned up edgewise like cakes of ice when a great river breaks up, plunged downward and were swallowed in the crimson cauldron. Then the wide expanse of the "thaw" maintained a ruddy glow for a while, but shortly cooled and be came black and level again. During a "thaw," every dismembered cake was marked by a glittering white border which was superbly shaded inwards by aurora borealis rays, which were a flaming yellow where they joined the white border, and from thence toward their points tapered into glowing crimson, then into a rich, pale carmine, and finally into a faint blush that held its own a moment and then dimmed and turned black. Some of the streams preferred to mingle together in a tangle of fantastic circles, and then they looked something like the confusion of ropes one sees on a ship's deck when she had just taken in sail and dropped anchor - provided one can imagine those ropes on fire.

Through the glasses, the little fountains scattered about looked very beautiful. They boiled, ant coughed, and spluttered, and discharged sprays of stringy red fire - of about the consistency of mush, for instance - from ten to fifteen feet into the air, along with a shower of brilliant white sparks - a quaint and unnatural mingling of gouts of blood and snow flakes!

We had circles and serpents and streaks of lightning all twined and wreathed and tied together, without a break throughout an area more than a mile square (that amount of ground was covered, though it was not strictly "square"), and it was with a feeling of placid exultation that we reflected that many years had elapsed since any visitor had seen such a splendid display - since any visitor had seen anything more than the now snubbed and insignificant "North" and "South" lakes in action. We had been reading old files of Hawaiian newspapers and the "Record Book" at the Volcano House, and were posted.

I could see the North Lake lying out on the black floor away off in the outer edge of our panorama, and knitted to it by a webwork of lava streams. In its individual capacity it looked very little more respectable than a schoolhouse on fire. True, it was about nine hundred feet long and two or three hundred wide, but then, under the present circumstances, it necessarily appeared rather insignificant, and besides it was so distant from us. We heard a week ago that the volcano was getting on a heavier spree than it had indulged in for many years, and I am glad we arrived just at the right moment to see it under full blast.

I forgot to say that the noise made by the bubbling lava is not great, heard as we heard it from our lofty perch. It makes three distinct sounds - a rushing, a hissing, and a coughing or puffing sound; and if you stand on the brink and close your eyes it is no trick at all to imagine that you are sweeping down a river on a large low pressure steamer, and that you hear the hissing of the steam about her boilers, the puffing from her escape pipes and the churning rush of the water abaft her wheels. The smell of sulfur is strong, but not unpleasant to a sinner.

THE PILLAR OF FIRE

We left the lookout house at ten o'clock in a half cooked condition because of the heat from Pele's furnaces, and wrapping up in blankets (for the night was cold) returned to the hotel. After we got out in the dark we had another fine spectacle. A colossal column of cloud towered to a great height in the air immediately above the crater, and the outer swell of every one of its vast folds was dyed with a rich crimson luster, which was subdued to a pale rose tint in the depressions between. It glowed like a muffled torch and stretched upward to a dizzy height toward the zenith. I thought it just possible that its like had not been seen since the children of Israel wandered on their long march through the desert so many centuries ago over a path illuminated by the mysterious "pillar of fire." And I was sure that I now had a vivid conception of what the majestic "pillar of fire" was like, which almost amounted to a revelation.

ACCOMMODATIONS FOR MAN AND BEAST

It is only at very long intervals that I mention in a letter matters which properly pertain to the advertising columns, but in this case it seems to me that to leave out the fact that there is a neat, roomy, well furnished and well kept hotel at the volcano would be to remain silent upon a point of the very highest importance to any one who may desire to visit the place. The surprise of finding a good hotel in such an outlandish spot startled me considerably more than the volcano did. The house is new - built three or four months ago - and the table is good. One could not easily starve here even if the meats and groceries were to give out, for large tracts of land in the vicinity are well paved with excellent strawberries. One can have as abundant a supply as he chooses to call for. There has never heretofore been anything in this locality for the accommodation of travellers but a crazy old native grass hut, scanty fare, hard beds of matting and a Chinese cook.

MARK TWAIN.

http://www.twainquotes.com/18661116u.html

夏威夷火山博物館 熾熱太平洋

一八六六年，馬克吐溫前往夏威夷大島的基勞威亞火山， 滿腔熱情地寫下：「這是一個想像力運作的空間！」
　 當年馬克吐溫看到的火山，一百多年後還在噴發，並且已經開發成為遊客蜂擁而至的國家公園。

　 園區內的傑格博物館，則是火山大小知識的起點。

　大島（Big Island )的面積，是夏威夷其他所有島嶼加起來的兩倍大。過去十年來，島嶼東南方因火山噴發增加了七十英畝，是座仍在長大的島嶼。

　大島的人口大約十四萬，主要集中在東岸的希洛（Hilo )和西岸的可那（Kona )；其間有五座火山，最高的是茂那基山（Mauna Kea )，其次依序為茂那羅亞山（Mauna Loa )、華拉來山（Hualalai )、可哈拉山（Kohala )、基勞威亞山（Kilauea )；其中以仍在噴發的茂那羅亞山和基勞威亞山最具盛名。

　夏威夷火山國家公園主要坐落在基勞威亞火山區，公園內的湯瑪斯傑格博物館則是遊覽火山景觀前，必須前去做功課的地質教室。

　博物館的外觀並不起眼，樸實無華，卻是園區內數一數二的高人氣景點。館內展示的多半是當年由麻省理工學院的湯瑪士傑格（Thomas A Jaggar )博士所做的各項研究。用以解釋夏威夷火山的發展和特性，包括地面傾斜測量儀和地震儀，時時刻刻掌握火山動態。
如果想看活生生的火山噴發，可以觀賞館內播放的影片，裡頭介紹歷年來火山及地質活動，雖是英文發音，不過光看畫面就很過癮。

　夏威夷人將火山稱之為培雷（Pele )女神，館內展出培雷女神的頭髮和眼淚，真是浪漫得可以！其實，所謂培雷女神的頭髮，指的是岩漿中的纖維，而眼淚則是細碎的火山碎石。

　導遊Robert說：「直到今天，夏威夷人都相信培雷女神的超凡力量，千萬別從這裡帶走任何一樣東西，即使是火山碎石，都會招來厄運。」

　除了館內的各項展示，館外還有一樣活生生的展覽品是最受歡迎的，那就是夏威夷的州鳥黃頸黑雁（nene )，牠們胖嘟嘟的像小肥鴨一樣，常在博物館外的停車場走來走去。博物館後有一條小徑，可以望見一大片火山口，並且設有告示牌，解說噴發的年代和當時的情景。

http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/4/9/15/n661395.htm

夏威夷幾勞亞火山於當地時間星期二（2008年7月8日）爆發，噴發出來的岩漿高達12米。當地官員表示當地居民都很平安，沒有造成任何的傷亡。

夏威夷幾勞亞火山是世界上最活躍的火山之一，自從1983年起就不斷爆發。從7月6日晚間，幾勞亞火山山頂就不斷的冒出岩漿。星期二終於爆發，噴發出來的岩漿有12米高。

當地的官員表示，他們持續在追蹤火山的最新情況，到目前為止對附近的居民都還沒有造成任何的危害。

http://www.cntv.us/zh/view/8327/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E7%88%86%E7%99%BC%20%E7%84%A1%E4%BA%BA%E5%82%B7%E4%BA%A1

为力一人儿在这驮得汗流浃背，来，老牛帮你驮驮，侬歇会儿！

夏威夷照片 (火山)
http://www.yidian.org/viewthread.php?tid=10309&page=1.html

人间伊甸园
http://www.yidian.org/viewthread.php?tid=12862&page=1.html

夏威夷照片 (帝王花-PROTEA)
http://www.yidian.org/viewthread.php?tid=10392&page=1.html

谢老牛。夏威夷是让我最感动的地方。现在明白了，是因为火山。可我估计写不出来我的心境。试试吧。

夏威夷火山国家公园

夏威夷火山国家公园
　　Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
　　国家: 美国
　　所属洲: 北美洲
　　编号: 712-016
　　相关联接:http://www.unesco.org/whc/sites/409.htm
　　1987年根据自然遗产评选标准N（II）被列入《世界遗产目录》
　　世界遗产委员会评价：
　　世界上最大的两个活火山——冒纳罗亚山（高4170米）和基拉韦厄火山，就象矗立在太平洋上的两个巨塔。火山猛烈的喷发不断地改变周围的景观，熔岩流揭示了奇妙的地质构造过程。人类在这里发现了许多稀有鸟类、物种和大量的蕨类植物。
　　简介：
　　夏威夷群岛位于北太平洋的中央，由东南至西北的130多个岛屿组成，它是一个绵延伸展2400公里的群岛整体。
　　夏威夷火山国家公园位于美国夏威夷州的夏威夷岛上，面积929平方千米，主要包括冒纳罗业和基拉韦厄两座现代活火山。这里有茂密的热带雨林。还有蝙蝠、夏威夷雁、大鹰、乌鸦、夏威夷白腹水鸟等动物。
　　基拉韦厄和冒纳罗亚两座现代活火山是这个公园的主要组成部分。同时它们也是夏威夷火山国家公园闻名遐迩的显著性标志。
　　其中冒纳罗亚火山是夏威夷第一大火山，它海拔4170米。呈圆锥形，它是从水深6000米的太平洋底部耸立起来的，从海底到山顶高度超过一万米，比珠穆朗玛峰还高一千多米。冒纳罗亚火山约喷发过35次，至今山顶上还留着火山口。火山喷发时，大量熔岩不断地倾泻出来，使山体日益增大，被称为“伟大的建筑师”。这座火山的大火山口称为“莫卡维奥维奥”，意思是“火烧岛”。这个火山口在1984年4月再次喷发，熔岩向夏威夷首府希洛的方向流泻了17英里。大喷发前在火山上空出现了巨大的热浪，附近的人先看到了滚滚乌云，接着是电闪雷鸣，随即下起了大雨。
　　海拔1243米的基拉韦厄火山坐落在冒纳罗亚火山的东南侧，山名的意思是“吐出许多”。基拉韦厄火山的活动极为频繁，曾经有过30年喷发50次的记录。从1983年初到1984年4月一年左右的时间里居然发生了17次火山爆发，其活动频繁在世界上实属罕见。火山爆发的时候，其景象十分壮观。熔岩像喷泉一样翻涌奔腾，四处飞溅。金黄色的巨流像决堤的洪水，有的沿裂缝泻出，有的则从火山口喷出，气势汹涌，势不可挡。最著名的喷发特征是壮观的熔岩抛向空中达90米，最高达503米。离开火山口的熔岩，就像一条红色河流，沿着山丘向下流动。相传在夏威夷火山居住着女神佩莉，她时常云游太平洋诸岛，基拉韦厄火山的爆发就是为了迎接女神远游归来。
　　除这两座火山外，茂密的热带雨林也生长在夏威夷火山国家公园内。另外，这里经常活动着如蝙蝠、大鹰、乌鸦、夏威夷白腹水鸟等动物，其中还有夏威夷州州徽图案上的夏威夷雁。
　　夏威夷火山观测站成立于1912年，就坐落在公园内基拉韦厄破火山口的边缘。观测站在公园管理方面发挥着主要作用。为预测危险的地震活动，人们密切监视着地面变形、气体外溢、电力、磁力和重力场的变化，以及熔岩的活动。在公园里对外关闭的地区，熔岩正在大量流动。夜幕下，熊熊燃烧的熔岩不断向空中喷吐着滚滚的红色蒸气，流经乡村，冲下山坡，涌向海洋。
　　相传在很久以前，烈火女神皮尔是捣蛋鬼莫埃-莫埃阿-奥利伊和大地母亲奥梅阿的女儿。这位女神四出旅行，寻找安身之处。她一个接一个地试遍了夏威夷群岛的每个地方，但是每当她用魔铲挖土掘火坑时，总是距海太近，海浪滚滚扑灭了火焰。最后，女神终于在夏威夷岛东南角的基拉韦厄火山上找到了梦寐以求的家园。人们有时也把这座岛叫作比格艾兰岛。
　　夏威夷当地人很注重传统，至今仍然给女神供奉肉、鱼、水果和鲜花。人们把祭品放在岛群中的圣地，哈莱莫莫火山口的边缘。这处圣地位于夏威夷火山国家公园内。公园是1961年根据美国国会法令建立的，在1980年成为教科文组织生物圈保护区。公园的地位并没有阻碍当地人在园内进行传统活动。当地人定期去公园不必花5美元入园费，他们可以采摘所需的草药，妇女也可以在园内的温泉中沐浴。
　　公园以良好的设施每年接待约两百万名游客。在宽敞的游览中心举办展览会、放映电影，并有大量的文件资料，中心还提供专题导游项目。沥青铺就的公路网使游客可以环绕基拉韦厄山的边缘游览，或是一直走到海边。缤纷的景致让人惊叹，步行小路更是四通八达。当夕阳西下，你沿途会看到喷吐着烟雾的银灰色火山口，一堆堆橙色的硫磺，蕴含矿物质的沙漠以及茂密的森林，高耸的蕨类植物同深色的树叶交织在一起。
　　游客们可以登上4170米高的冒纳罗亚火山，这个由一次次熔岩流堆积而成的山峰，它那精美的圆形山顶上有时也会白雪皑皑。
　　这片遥远的太平洋中的群岛由124座岛屿、小岛和环状珊瑚礁组成，其有八座主要岛屿。群岛早在七千万年前就从海中生成，但在1600年前一直无人居住，第一批居民是来自马克萨斯群岛的波利尼西亚人。新来的定居者看到岛上有一些随风、鸟类和海水而来的植物和昆虫，但是没有食肉的陆地哺乳动物。这可是个决定性因素，由于岛上没有食肉动物，植物和动物都没有发展防卫系统，因为没有那个必要。
　　在蚊子悄悄登上第一批帆船来到岛上之前，红色的白臂蜜鸟还没有形成对疟疾现在正造成大批鸟类死亡。在山羊被引进之前，薄荷和撒尔维亚干草也并不需要浓烈的保护性气味。公园的工作人员正竭尽全力拯救州鸟夏威夷雁免遭灭绝。美国动物学家斯图亚特·皮姆计算，自从人类在岛上定居以来，至少已经有101种鸟类从岛上消失了。
　　夏威夷地处一隅，与世隔绝，因而岛上盛产大批特有的植物，在记录在案的约1000种植物中，95%是其他地方没有的，但是它们易受到野猪和其他食草动物的侵害。火奴鲁鲁的里昂植物园主管、生物学家查尔斯·拉穆勒说，大约有一半的植物已濒临灭绝，虽然尚未记录在官方名单上。
　　有5000个物种是从外部带进来的，其中25种特别有破坏性。最可恨的侵犯者是原产于加那利群岛的硬木树，来自巴西的草莓番石榴，来自南美洲的香蕉藤和一种名叫“科斯特的诅咒”的中美洲灌木。它们的繁殖力很强，扼杀了当地的植物。但是人们已经对这些有害植物宣战。人们从加那利群岛进口了一种昆虫来对付硬木树。但见效甚为缓慢。国家公园的植物学家琳达·普拉特试用了各种除莠剂，但这项艰难的工作要冒破坏无害植物、污染水域的风险。“要生存还是死亡”的海报四处张贴，向人们展示一种野牡丹属植物的名称和照片。必须在这种繁殖迅速的植物布满全岛之前就根除它。这种植物在塔希提（法属波利尼西亚）已经占领了四分之三的丛林地带。
　　要保护这座公园还必须消灭某些由人类带到岛上来的陆地哺乳动物。为此，公园主管吉姆·马丁采取了一项不同凡响的措施，把偷猎者的作用也纳入计划。一些人也许会为杀掉野猫而伤心，但是野猫会危害濒危动物黑腰海燕的蛋和幼雏。在当地猎人的帮助下，野山羊的数目从1980年的15000只减少到不足100只，它们实际上已经被消灭了。虽然在1930年到1970年间杀死了11000头野猪，但人们估计仍有大约4000头存活。
　　除了猎杀以外，修筑篱笆也是解决问题的好方法，只是花费不菲。吉姆·马丁抱怨缺钱。公园只有八名巡逻人员，而正规的巡视需要15至20人。公园方面再也不能支付研究人员的经费了。来此地作研究的人都属于外界组织。公园在1995年11月曾关闭以示抗议，但三星期后，最初表示支持的公众失去了耐心，公园不得不重新开放。
　　由于公园位于一个危险区域内，它的情况就特别令人担心。海岸悬崖遭到破坏，岩浆随时可能喷发，因为冒纳罗亚和基拉韦厄是全球最活跃的两座火山。为了重新开辟道路，新近涌出的熔岩必须清除。
　　虽然火山公园是比格艾兰岛上一片规划分明的中心地区，但地图上并没有标明一个生物圈保护区所需的缓冲区或中间地带。吉姆·马丁解释说，公园和与之相邻的联邦监狱及私人领地间达成了一项谅解，一项发展计划正在制订中。附近村庄的新建筑将会同森林环境融为一体，不会造成损害。
　　一个更为严峻的问题是，自从世界糖价暴跌以来，夏威夷就处于灾难性的经济形势中。甘蔗地被废弃，失业的劳工甚至在公园境内种植大麻。他们为种植庄稼而砍伐森林，为保护自己而挖掘致命的陷阱，这些作法正在对生态系统构成威胁。但是，对犯法者处以重金罚款和长期监禁的惩处有助于改善这种状况。
　　可是这还不算完。桫椤被人用链锯砍伐，用载重卡车运走。破坏者无视监视摄像机的存在，大肆偷盗珍贵的考古文物。这里有人类曾居住过的洞穴，村庄的遗址和易破损的岩画，其中一些古迹最近被熔岩流覆盖了。

http://baike.baidu.com/view/85939.htm

基拉韦厄火山

基拉韦厄火山－－世界上最大的两个活火山之一
　　基拉韦厄火山（KILAUEA）位于美国夏威夷岛东南部。北纬19.43°，西经155.29°，海拔1222米。
　　基拉韦厄火山是世界上活动力旺盛的活火山，至今仍经常喷发。山顶有一个巨大的破火山口，直径4027米，深130余米，其中包含许多火山口。整个火山口好像是一个大锅，大锅中又套着许多小锅 (火山口)。在破火山口的的西南角有个翻腾着炽热溶岩的火山口，直径约1000米，深约400米，其中的熔岩，有时向上喷射，形成喷泉，有时溢出火山口外，形如瀑布，当地土著人称它为“哈里摩摩”，意为“永恒火焰之家”。 这里曾长期存在着一个世上最大的岩浆湖，面积广达10万平方米，通红织热的岩浆一般有十几米深，在湖中翻滚嘶鸣，仿佛一炉沸腾的钢水。在湖的边缘部分，经常产生暗红色的桔皮，它们堆积起来就像一捆捆绳子，桔皮有时破裂后再倾倒沉入白热的岩浆中去。湖面上还不时出现高几米的岩浆喷泉，喷溅着五彩缤纷的火花。这种种惊心动魄的景象，称得上是大自然中的奇观。
　　1960年基拉韦厄火山大爆发时，熔岩流从高处奔腾下泻，涌入大海，在海边填造了一块约2平方公里的新陆地。2002年7 月29日，滚滚岩浆从基拉韦厄火山喷涌而出，流入大海，水火交融，形成壮观的景象。2002年8月17日，该火山喷出的火红岩浆滚滚涌向海边，好似一条岩浆火龙(右上图）。
　　20多年来，基拉韦厄火山持续不断涌出的大量岩浆已经在夏威夷岛东南形成几个新的黑沙滩并使岛的面积不断扩大。

http://baike.baidu.com/view/641897.htm

基拉韋厄山(Kilauea) Eruption History

When Kilauea began to form is not known, but various estimates are 300,000-600,000 years ago. The volcano has been active ever since, with no prolonged periods of quiescence known. Geologic studies of surface exposures, and examination of drillhole samples, show that Kilauea is made mostly of lava flows, locally interbedded with deposits of explosive eruptions. Probably what we have seen happen in the past 200 years is a good guide to what has happened ever since Kilauea emerged from the sea as an island perhaps 50,000-100,000 years ago.

Lava Erupts from Kilauea's Summit and Rift Zones
Throughout its history Kilauea has erupted from three main areas, its summit and two rift zones. Geologists debate whether Kilauea has always had a caldera at the summit or whether it is a relatively recent feature of the past few thousand years. It seems most likely that the caldera has come and gone throughout the life of Kilauea.

The summit of the volcano is high because eruptions are more frequent there than at any other single location on the volcano. However, more eruptions actually occur on the long rift zones than in the summit area, but they are not localized, instead constructing ridges of lower elevation than the summit. Eruptions along the east and southwest rift zones have build ridges reaching outward from the summit some 125 km and 35 km, respectively.

Most eruptions are relatively gentle, sending lava flows downslope from fountains a few meters to a few hundred meters high. Over and over again these eruptions occur, gradually building up the volcano and giving it a gentle, shield-like form. Every few decades to centuries, however, powerful explosions spread ejecta across the landscape. Such explosions can be lethal, as the one in 1790 that killed scores of people in a war party near the summit of Kilauea. Such explosions can take place from either the summit or the upper rift zones.

Future of Kilauea
The foreseeable future of Kilauea looks much like the past. Continued effusive eruptions will fill the caldera, heighten the summit, and build the rift zones--over and over and over again. Sporadic explosions will cause destruction but hopefully not loss of life. We cannot tell how much larger Kilauea will grow or when it will stop, but it will surely continue to erupt through the rest of human history.

Historical eruptions
Table, including dates, volumes of lava erupted, area covered, and location of vents.
Pu`u `O`o - Kupaianaha eruption

Summary, January 1983 - 2005
Kalapana covered by lava, 1990
Earlier eruptions

The 1960 Kapoho Eruption
The 1959 summit eruption at Kilauea Iki Crater
The 1924 exposions of Kilauea
Other information

Simplified geologic map of summit caldera

http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/history/

Halemaumau Crater

Halemaʻumaʻu crater is a pit crater located within the much larger summit caldera, of Kīlauea, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The roughly circular crater floor is 770 metres (2,530 ft) x 900 metres (2,950 ft) and is 83 metres (270 ft) below the floor of Kīlauea caldera. Halemaʻumaʻu is home to Pele, Goddess of Hawaiian Volcanoes, according to the traditions of the native people.[1][2]

Contents [hide]
1 Eruptive history
2 2008 eruption episodes
2.1 September 2008 eruption episode
2.2 May-August 2008
2.3 April 2008 eruption episode
2.4 March 2008 eruption episode
3 References



[edit] Eruptive history
William Ellis, a missionary and amateur ethnographer and geologist, published the first description of Halemaʻumaʻu as it appeared in 1823.[3]

Astonishment and awe for some moments rendered us mute, and like statues, we stood fixed to the spot, with our eyes riveted on the abyss below. Immediately before us yawned an immense gulf, in the form of a crescent, about two miles (3 km) in length, from north-east to south-west, nearly a mile in width, and apparently 800 feet (240 m) deep. The bottom was covered with lava, and the south-west and northern parts of it were one vast flood of burning matter, in a state of terrific ebullition, rolling to and fro its “fiery surge” and flaming billows.

In 1866 Mark Twain, an American humorist, satirist, lecturer and writer hiked to the Caldera floor.[4]

He wrote the following account of the lake of molten lava which he found there:

It was like gazing at the sun at noon-day, except that the glare was not quite so white. At unequal distances all around the shores of the lake were nearly white-hot chimneys or hollow drums of lava, four or five feet high, and up through them were bursting gorgeous sprays of lava-gouts and gem spangles, some white, some red and some golden--a ceaseless bombardment, and one that fascinated the eye with its unapproachable splendor. The mere distant jets, sparkling up through an intervening gossamer veil of vapor, seemed miles away; and the further the curving ranks of fiery fountains receded, the more fairy-like and beautiful they appeared.

The level of the lava lake varied over the decades and at times was only 30 metres (100 ft) below the crater rim. In 1924,[5] explosive eruptions sent dust high into the atmosphere and doubled the diameter of the crater. Fractures allowed the lava lake to drain to the east until its surface was 366 metres (1,200 ft) below the caldera floor. Subsequent eruptions have mostly refilled the crater. Most of the current crater floor was formed in 1974.[2] A 1982 eruption covered a small portion of the northeastern crater floor.[6]


[edit] 2008 eruption episodes
Episodes in this calendar year are being listed in order of current activity for ease of reading and editing. As of September 072008, and according to the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, the activity in the crater is in an active state.

Other than the described events, no erupting or fountaining of lava has occurred in the crater, unlike the concurrent activity on the Eastern Rift Zone around Pu'u O'O.
Night time viewing of the crater's webcam reveals an incandescent illumination of the venting gases, leading scientists to suggest in their daily reports that molten lava may reside at shallow depth within the new vent; [7]. An active lava lake was spotted in September.
The crater overlook is closed and frequent closures of Crater Rim Drive are expected. Visitors may view the crater from the relatively safe locations of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and Volcano House.
Readers and visitors are encouraged to refer to the United States Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory website as they publish frequent eruption summaries, press releases, maps, and other data, as well as provides both real- and near real-time hazard data and panoramic Internet web camera views of events.[8][9]


[edit] September 2008 eruption episode

Aerial view of lava lake in vent crater September 5.Hawaii Volcano Observatory news release and images dated September 5, 2008 confirm the first recorded images of a lava lake 130 feet below the lip of the vent. The HVO has alluded to the presence of lava within the vent, including the sporadic ejecting of lava materials from the vent due to explosive episodes, but this gave officials the first opportunity to visually confirm that active lava is present. The report also notes that the lava cannot be seen from observation points around the crater as of yet.[10]

Since the vent's first appearance, 5.5 months ago, there have been six siginificant explosive events (the latest being September 2, 2008); changing the vent to its present shape of 65 meters or 215 feet across.


[edit] May-August 2008

May 5, 2008 aerial image into Halema'uma'u gas vent, revealing dull orange glow from incandescent activity. Reports still reflect lava present at some depth but not evident as of this date.Activity within the crater and vent continued to present scientists with work as the vent continued to eject ash and gases. It wasn't until August 1, 2008 that the crater was rocked with the 4th Explosive event and later on August 27, 2008 its 5th event.


[edit] April 2008 eruption episode

Before and after view of second explosion on April 9.This episode began with an explosion on the night of April 9, 2008 that widened the hole by an additional 5–10 metres (15–30 feet), ejected debris over some 60 metres (200 ft) and further damaged the overlook as well as scientific monitoring instruments.[11]


At night, an incandescent glow illuminates the venting gas plume on September 21.In response to the second episode, scientists and local government officials on April 9, 2008 ordered hundreds of people to evacuate from Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and nearby villages because the sulfur dioxide concentration levels had reached a critical level and a hazardous vog plume extended downwind from the crater. The evacuation lasted two days.[12]

On April 16, 2008 the crater was rocked with its third significant explosive event, sending ash and debris throughout the area.


[edit] March 2008 eruption episode

Before and after comparison of the new gas vent. The crater overlook is circled for reference.Crater activity began to increase when between March 10 and March 14, 2008 gas began to vent from the east wall fumarole directly below the Crater Overlook;[13] however the gas event was only a prelude when in the wee hours (02:58 am HST) of March 19, 2008 HVO personnel thought they were experiencing seismic events, but sunrise revealed a 20–30 metre (65–100 foot) diameter hole blown in the side where the vent once was; scattering debris and spatter across 0.30 square kilometres (74 acres) and damaging the Crater Overlook. Pieces as large as 20 millimetres (1 in) were found on Crater Rim Drive while 0.3 metres (1 ft) blocks hit the crater overlook area.[14] This was the first explosive eruption of Halemaʻumaʻu Crater since 1924, and the first lava eruption from the crater since 1982.[15]


An April 3, 2008 aerial view of the March 19 explosion site.Sulfur dioxide gas emissions increased rapidly at the beginning of the episode. On March 13, HVO recorded a rate of 2,000 tons/day, the highest rate since measurements began in 1979. A concentration of over 40 ppm on Crater Rim Drive was measured, prompting alerts and other public safety measures.[12][13] Halemaʻumaʻu crater continued to intermittently emit high levels of volcanic gases, ash, spatter, Pele's Tears,and Pele's Hair until the second episode.[16]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halemaumau

海嘯陰影下︰不幸的夏威夷希洛市

位於太平洋中部的夏威夷群島（橢圓形區），被環太平洋地震帶包圍，無論是何處地震，產生的海嘯都會直撲夏威夷........
在多次的海嘯侵襲中，以夏威夷大島東岸的希洛市 Hilo, Hawaii 最為不幸，1946年阿拉斯加地隇（黑色方格）及1960年智利地震（紅色方格）所造成的海嘯，分別令當地96人及61人死亡........

http://ihouse.hkedcity.net/~hm1203/hazard/tsunami-hilo.htm