研究论文题为《路德维希·范·贝多芬头发的基因组分析》(Genomic analyses of hair from Ludwig van Beethoven),发布于英文期刊《现代生物学》(Current Biology)。我大致浏览了一遍,感觉专业性很强,技术上完全吃透绝无可能,应该也不需要,所以尝试着走马观花,结合现有的多方新闻报道,尽可能简单地解释一下这个世纪发现:
科研组在贝多芬的原籍故乡荷兰共和国,也即今天的比利时一带,找到了5位相互非近亲关系但都姓“贝多芬”的男子(简称“现代贝五”),根据族谱追根溯源,他们都拥有一位共同的祖先名叫阿尔特·范·贝多芬(Aert van Beethoven,1535-1609),而历史记载阿尔特也即大作曲家路德维希·范·贝多芬(简称“路德维希”)的7世祖。研究人员确认“现代贝五”的DNA都具有相同的Y染色体,但却惊讶地发现路德维希的Y染色体和“现代贝五”的Y染色体不匹配。男性独具的Y染色体的最大特色是父传子,一个家庭中的同姓男子的Y染色体都相同,因而被广泛应用于家族世系编排即认祖归宗的基因鉴定。就此科学家们得出结论:在生物学上,路德维希与“现代贝五”不享有共同的祖先阿尔特,从路德维希的父亲约翰向上至阿尔特这7代父系先人,有家庭产生过妻方私生子(专业术语为“配偶外亲子关系”,extra-pair paternity or EPP),但依法以“贝多芬”命名,就此改变了后代包括路德维希在内的Y染色体。所以,贝多芬不是贝多芬!
“这与16世纪共同的父系祖先阿尔特·范·贝多芬的血统一致”不像是一句严谨的科学用语,科学家们不可能握有四五百年前阿尔特的生物基因,“现代贝五”与老祖宗阿尔特关系的鉴定只能是族谱,跟路德维希与阿尔特关系的鉴定一样。科研组没有交代“现代贝五”的详细家谱,不能不说这是一个硬伤,因为不够严谨,或很不严谨。让我们来试着分析:根据家谱网站WikiTree,阿尔特一生有过两段婚姻,妻子分别为Josyne van Vlesselaer和Petronella Geerts。第一次婚姻生育长子Hendrik,也即后来承传到了路德维希的这一支,第二次婚姻生育次子Joannes,即非路德维希的一支。那么问题来了:“现代贝五”,是出自Hendrik族系,还是Joannes族系?可能性有三:
路德维希的祖父老路德维希(Lodewijk)育有一子约翰(Johann),约翰育有三子 — 路德维希(Ludwig)、卡尔(Kasper Anton Karl)、小约翰(Nikolaus Johann),路德维希无子有女(?),约翰无子女,卡尔有独子小卡尔(Karl)。小卡尔有四女一子,在小卡尔的儿子路德维希·约翰·范·贝多芬(Ludwig Johann van Beethoven)的儿子卡尔·朱利叶斯·玛丽亚·范·贝多芬(Karl Julius Maria van Beethoven)于1917年去世后,老路德维希这一支“贝多芬”就绝嗣了 — 十分令人惋惜的一件事情。有兴趣的读者可参看《贝多芬家族是如何消亡的》一文(4)。
其实“贝多芬不是贝多芬”的说法并不是什么新闻,路德维希不属于贝多芬家族的传闻由来已久,在其生前身后都广泛存在。生前大半个欧洲传说路德维希的亲生父亲不是约翰,而是普魯士國王腓特烈大帝(Frederick the Great),吓人不?连路德维希自己都无意否认,看来王子殿下身份的诱惑还是蛮大的。详情可参见拙作《我是火焰非刀剑 — 论反革命的贝多芬》。身后直至今日有人怀疑问题出在路德维希的祖母玛丽亚·约瑟法·鲍尔(Maria Josepha Poll)身上,只因为她不幸患有酗酒症,和丈夫老路德维希的关系似乎不好,并且儿子约翰没有出生受洗记录,也就是说约翰不是贝多芬,约翰不是,路德维希就更不是了。可约翰和路德维希父子二人也都好酒,前者失控后者有节制,有没有可能是来自母系遗传呢?鉴定约翰是否为老路德维希的亲子,路德维希是否为约翰的亲子,有一个方式听上去似乎可行,那就是挖掘相关逝者坟墓以获取DNA做检验对比,开棺定论。路德维希的DNA我们已经有了,目光自然转向约翰和老路德维希。
说到开棺定论,实在应该提及另外一位(或许是)路德维希生平中的重要人物 — 米諾娜·冯·斯塔克伯格(Minona von Stackelberg)。米諾娜极有可能是路德维希和他“永生的恋人”约瑟芬·冯·布伦瑞克(Josephine von Brunswick)的私生女,我在《我是沧海不是云 — 贝多芬“永生的恋人”探秘》一文中对此有详细叙述,恕不转述以免离题太远。时至现代,一些热情的贝多芬迷提出做DNA检测,以彻底探明米诺娜与路德维希究竟有无血缘关系,但限于诸多技术因素至今难以付诸实践。享年近84但终身未婚的米诺娜葬于维也纳中央公墓(Wiener Zentralfriedhof),与她极为可能的亲生父亲安息于同一墓园,但据悉墓碑已不复存在,墓石盖也没有任何标记,故而遗骨是否还能寻获实在很难说。行文至此,不由生出几分唏嘘。
(1) "The five living men belonging to the Van Beethoven patrilineage are only distantly interrelated genealogically but have matching Y chromosome haplogroups, consistent with descent from the common patrilineal 16th century ancestor Aert van Beethoven, also identifiable as such from genealogical data. Genealogical data also identify Aert as ancestral to Ludwig van Beethoven." - Genomic analyses of hair from Ludwig van Beethoven ([url]https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdfExtended/S0960-9822(23)00181-1)[/url]
(2) "It was this remarriage of Aert which created the Van Beethoven’s family tree from which we descend." - [url]https://debeethovencatalogus.wordpress.com/tijdlijn/[/url]
(3) "Autosomal testing and analysis were also performed on three living descendants of Beethoven’s nephew, Karl van Beethoven, the son of Beethoven’s brother. These results were inconclusive, unable to determine whether Karl’s father and Ludwig were full or half-siblings." - New DNA Analysis Uncovers Mysteries Around Beethoven’s Paternal Line ([url]https://blog.familytreedna.com/beethoven-first-dna-test/)[/url]
(4) How the Beethoven family died out?([url]https://www.popularbeethoven.com/how-the-beethoven-family-died-out/[/url])
(5) "The grave of Maria Magdalena was sold in 1826. All record of it vanished and the exact location was forgotten. It was rediscovered in 1932. The Beethoven House Society donated the headstone with the quotation by Ludwig.""She was to me such a good loving mother, my best friend." - Maria van Beethoven Grave, Bonn ([url]https://www.gpsmycity.com/attractions/maria-van-beethoven-grave-51396.html)[/url]
(6) "The research team used the genetic Y chromosome profile obtained from Ludwig’s hair to identify potential patrilineal relatives in the FamilyTreeDNA database. These potential relatives had already taken a DNA test on a small section of their Y-DNA and the researchers offered them a free upgrade in order to have a more in-depth test done. Six of the participating customers were found to share patrilineal ancestry with Ludwig van Beethoven." - DNA testing finds Ludwig van Beethoven ‘wasn’t really a Beethoven’ ([url]https://www.whodoyouthinkyouaremagazine.com/news/ludwig-van-beethoven-dna/)[/url]
(7) "The new information regarding Beethoven’s Y-DNA and mtDNA has been added to the FamilyTreeDNA database. Customers may be able to find Beethoven in their match list, as well as explore his Y-DNA haplogroup within Discover. Customers who would like to aid in this research are able to upgrade their Y-DNA tests to provide more refined haplogroups and SNPs related to the composer’s haplogroup. The more information available for review, the closer we are to finding the truth about Beethoven’s cause of death and genetic paternal lineage." - FamilyTreeDNA Works With Cambridge University Team To Uncover New Health and Genetic Information About Beethoven ([url]https://blog.familytreedna.com/new-beethoven-study/)[/url]