真实对话的根本条件就是拒绝“新说法”强加于人的谎言和虚伪。在“真实”问题上,阿伦特和哈维尔有所不同。哈维尔强调的是在公共生活中揭露极权语言的虚伪。哈维尔认为,事实必须是公共的真实,如果不能在公共生活中拒绝极权谎言,那就意味着与它妥协或者甚至与它合作。这时候极权统治已经达到了它的目的。〔注22〕与哈维尔相比,阿伦特更多地是坚持私人真实的抵抗价值。即使在公开拒绝极权谎言不再可能的时候,个人思想仍然可以通过坚持最基本形式的真实,一种完全隐私的真实,而成为抵抗极权邪恶的最后一道防线。这就是为什么阿伦特在讨论思想时,不断有“紧要关头”(when the chips are down)的说法。〔注23〕阿伦特对思想所作的其实不是一般情况下的思考,而是一种在“紧要关头”的思考。在这种紧要关头的特殊境遇中,人必须用他自己的思想,用他自己的内心对话来抵抗强大无比的外在压迫。
2. 5. 6. 7. 18. 25. 26. Arendt,The Life of the Mind, vol. 1. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovice, 1977, pp. 191; 471-472; 5; 6; 185-186; 191; 192-193.
3. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973 [1951], p. 469.
4. 33. Hannah Arendt, “Truth and Politics,” in Between Past and Future. New York: Penguine Books, 1977, pp. 241; 241.
8. Hannah Arendt, The Jew As Pariah. Edited and with an Introduction by Ron H. Feldman. New York: Crove Press, 1978, p. 83.
9. 10. 11. Hannah Arendt, Men in Dark Times. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968,pp. 9; 10; 205-206.
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Hannah Arendt, “Preface: The Gap between Past and Future,”in Between Past and Future. New York: Penguin Books, 1977, pp. 7. 14; 13; 14; 14; 14.
19. Arendt, “Philosophy and Politics,” Social Research 57: 1 (Spring 1990): 73-103, pp. 84-86, 89.
20. George Orwell, 1984, San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984, pp. 47, 46.
21. 23. 27. 28. 30. 31. Hannah Arendt, “Thinking and Moral Considerations,”Social Research 38 (Autumn 1971): 417-446, pp. 422; 446; 446; 448; 445; 446.
22. Vaclav Havel, “The Power of the Powerless,”in Open Letters: Selected Writings 1965-1990. New York: Knopf, 1991.
24. Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958, p. 325.
29. 32. Dana R. Villa, Politics, Philosophy, Terror: Essays on the Thought of Hannah Arendt. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999, pp. 89; 100.
34. Bernstein, “Judging – The Actor and the Spectator,”in Philosophical Profiles. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986, p. 228.
35. Immanuel Kant, cited by Arendt, Lectures on Kant’s Political Philosophy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982, pp. 42-43.
36. 37. Hannah Arendt, “The Crisis in Culture,” in Between Past and Future, pp. 221-222; 221, 223.