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Xiaoman

#1  [原创] 莎士比亞五百年,卧龙先生等6首原作

(1)

賀壽  (赠谢振煜)

莎士比亞五百年,
至今已是不新鮮。
文壇風騷今誰領?
越华谢老傲群賢。

刘小曼 / 文
Dec. 3, 2015

賀壽诗, 赠越华谢振煜


(2)
      出手

有毒烏煙害貧民,
貪贓枉法是真因。
打擊假惡招出狠,
換我河山空氣新。

(支持習近平铁腕打击收拾贪官,支持方舟子打假不手软。 清新空气喻: 贪官无处可逃,方鸿渐们的假学历原形毕露。)

真因茵辛新薪晨辰臣人仁神親申身賓濱檳繽鄰鱗麟珍瞋塵陳春津秦頻蘋顰瀕銀垠筠巾囷民岷泯[軫韻同]瑉貧蓴淳醇純唇倫輪淪掄勻旬巡馴鈞均榛莘遵循甄宸綸椿鶉屯呻粼嶙轔磷呻伸紳寅姻荀詢峋氤恂嬪彬皴娠閩紉湮

(3)

      霧霾

機場飛機何處尋,
霧霾深重觅波音。
北天一片暗灰色,
大好河山污染侵。
砍樹防污應有計,
安定黎民百姓心。
種假樹者關起來,
抓到貪官罰造林。

In the airport, where to look for airplanes?
The heavy smog has blocked all the Boeings.
It looks so freaking grey in the northern heaven,
The country has been involved in bad pollution.
To comfort common people and calm the society,
logging and anti-pollution should be planed carefully:
Put those cheaters who plant fake trees in jails,
and punish corrupt officials to grow forest and else.
劉小曼/文

Dec. 2, 2015

(讀新聞看到一篇介紹機場人員在機場找不到飛機有感。 造假林,真砍樹,窮人孩子沒書讀,富人富油往外漏。 社會現狀。 出手打假必須狠,還我河山一片真。 )

下平十二侵
侵尋潯臨林霖針箴斟沈心琴禽擒衾欽吟今襟[衿]金音陰岑簪[覃韻同]壬任[負荷]歆森禁[力所勝任]祲喑深琛涔駸參[參差]忱淋妊摻參<人參>椹郴芩檎琳蟫愔喑黔嶔沉


(4)

    長空飄雪

飄雪長空闭凡塵,

山河換景萬番新。

梨花一樹闌珊處,

不與紅梅爭豔春。

Snow in the air is flying leisurely,

Bringing the world a beautiful scenery.

In the wind, feeling free of care,

stands a fully bloomed tree of PEAR:

it has no intention of comparing

with red plums, winning or losing.

文/小曼 Dec.4, 2015


(苏轼不与梨花同梦,我的梨花不与红梅争春)

A quote by Theodore Roosevelt, a former president of America: comparison is the thief of joy. 比較是偷走喜樂的賊.

读卢梅坡【雪梅】有感

其一

雪梅1(宋)卢梅坡1

梅雪争春未肯降2,骚人搁笔费评章4。

梅须逊雪三分白,雪却输梅一段香。

其二

雪梅 (宋)卢梅坡

有梅无雪不精神,有雪无诗俗了人。

日暮诗成天又雪,与梅并作十分春。

真因茵辛新薪晨辰臣人仁神亲申身宾滨槟缤邻鳞麟珍瞋尘陈春津秦频苹颦濒银垠筠巾囷民岷泯[轸韵同]珉贫莼淳醇纯唇伦轮沦抡匀旬巡驯钧均榛莘遵循甄宸纶椿鹑屯呻粼嶙辚磷呻伸绅寅姻荀询峋氤恂嫔彬皴娠闽纫湮肫逡菌臻豳

ZT:

Don't compare:

I love this expression: "comparison is the thief of joy" (Teddy Roosevelt).

Lots of us do compare ourselves to others who we think may have a better figure, are better looking, have a great job, etc.

Yet we know that is pointless, is a recipe for unhappiness and is completely irrelevant. We know we have to take our own journey in our own way.

When that little voice in your head starts up in a comparing mode you need to silence it. Give the voice a name and that will make it easier to ignore as it's not you. When it starts up, change your location or your seat on the bus.

https://www.ideapod.com/…/Dont-com…/55f262b9f33d146779b71241


(5)


無題

落日西沉映白帆,
野鷗飛渡亂雲間。
風雨百戰披金甲,
駭浪驚濤視等閒。

DEC.5, 2015


2015-12-5 09:54
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Xiaoman

#2  

虞美人 (填词)

湖山信是东岸美, 三省竞旖旎。 春來融雪水潺潺, 彙聚百川江海綠如藍。

夏荷香溢清幽久, 秋楓菊萬壽。 平林漠漠迎冬來, 千山暮雪萬里雁徘徊。

The scene in the eastern coast is beautiful,
The three provinces compete to show it all:

when spring arrives, snow melts; creeks babble

to seas; both water and blue sky look crystal.

In summer, the fragrance of  lotus lasts long,

In autumn, maple leaves and daisies come along.

When boundless forests welcome winter at will,

geese in snow are flying south across many a hill.



AA BB CC EE 押韵格式



The three maritime  provinces  in Canada are: New Brunswick, P.E.I. and Nova Scotia.



Dec. 2, 2015


2015-12-5 11:27
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Xiaoman

#3  

臥龍

羽扇綸巾瑞香風,
神機妙算帷幄中。
出师名世图八阵,
琅邪諸葛氏臥龍。

(出师:陆游《书愤》出師一表真名世,千載誰堪伯仲間
Dec.5, 2015 读赵子龙诗有感)

血染征袍透甲紅,
當陽誰敢與爭鋒。
古來衝陣扶危主,
只有常山趙子龍。


2015-12-5 21:28
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Xiaoman

#4  

A feathered fan and scarf set off his wonderful aplomb,
His clever strategies solved many army problems,
Famous for the Memorial to the King and Array of Octagon,
He is from Langya, named Zhuge Liang, a Hidden Dragon.

Dec. 6, 2015


2015-12-6 13:04
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Xiaoman

#5  

莎士比亚先生和和琅琊卧龙先生很赏光,令得我的线蓬荜生辉。多谢各位不吝赐教。


2015-12-6 14:34
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fanghuzhai

#6  

good


2015-12-6 15:34
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Xiaoman

#7  

多谢方老师鼓励。向方老师请安问好。还有论文吗,我该读哪些?
谢谢!


2015-12-6 16:16
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Xiaoman

#8  

初冬 (加拿大东岸的初冬早上)

霜满楼阁彩云轻。
星月胧明晓风清,
世情骤变实难料。
月转星移逝无声。

Dec.12, 2015

早上开门看到启明星和弯弯的月亮,很美, 朝霞满天(根据加拿大谚语, 不是什么好事Red sky at morning, sailors take warning) 等我回到屋内找到了拍摄工具,星星月亮已经没有了踪影。)

第 1 幅
有图为证


2015-12-7 08:14
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Xiaoman

#9  

寒梅有信 (赠ChanHong La 先生,共勉 )

百日陰雨有晴時,
千言精簡煉成詩。
飽嘗堅忍風霜惡,
才有雪中傲寒姿。

劉小曼/文 Dec.7, 2015

(ChanHong La 先生,詩人,艺术家,生活在越南,11歲輟學去打工養家,他不斷自學進修,現在事業有成,家庭幸福,你的朋友们为你感到骄傲。 我高中開始在加拿大生活,穷人阶级,爸妈在多伦多唐人街食品厂打工,挣鸡碎那么多。我一邊打工一邊上學,餐馆卖点心,刷碗,衣厂剪线,农场打工,晒成黑莓。。。完成社區學院的學習和省立大學商科畢業,但慚愧的是我現今却一事無成,ChanHong La先生正面積極的生活態度是我學習的榜樣。我看到了海外華人,聰明的越南華人同胞们勤奮,不畏艱苦,堅持為未來奮鬥的頑強精神,讓我很感動。祝福!)

(这首的灵感来自:謝振煜先生对我【冬晓】诗的回复: ”照片真美,显得天空跟诗人一样辽阔广大。不用注明平仄诗韵,信心就是证据。“   及之前看到的关于ChanHong La 先生的故事 )


2015-12-7 11:47
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Xiaoman

#10  [转载] 氣質

一四三(散文)氣質•謝振煜

劉小曼送了我一首生日賀詩:

「莎士比亞五百年,至今已是不新鮮。文壇風騷今誰領?越華謝老傲群賢。」
她說我在氣質上與莎翁很接近,她建議我自拍時不要正面拍,肩膀銷斜,不要正面,頭髮要燙一下。
小曼正在趕譯世界著名英詩,要出個中譯,這個在 越南北方出生,在大陸唸了十年中文,在加拿大唸英文的小婦人,中文古文、英文、中英文互譯根基很深。她英譯了許多中國古詩,也中譯了許多世界著名英文詩,在各中英文網站發佈,已很出名了。
她英詩中譯都是七言。起初七言她不嚴格,興之所至,信手寫下。我說,要七言就正正當當的七言,她從善如流,把送我的生日賀詩附註平仄及詩韻,表示合格:
賀壽 (赠谢振煜)莎士比亞五百年,至今已是不新鮮。文壇風騷今誰領?越华谢老傲群賢。刘小曼 / 文Dec. 3, 2015⊙仄平平仄仄平,(韵)⊙平⊙仄仄平平。(韵)⊙平⊙仄平平仄,⊙仄平平仄仄平。(韵)她又送我一首舊詩:天生你才(藏頭. 送謝振煜)天降文才格不拘,生花妙筆驚人句。你行你素華章裡,才氣過人君王慕。
其實我完全不通舊詩,寫作了幾十年都是白話,也被詩翁們笑我是胡適信徒。怎麼不是?我幾十年前出版的新詩「獻給我的愛人」,許多人都說,看它字句淺淺白白,可是讀起來很有意思。這個可是更堅定了我的胡適信徒。
小曼說我在氣質上與莎翁很接近,是說着玩的,好在她名氣大,粉絲們敬她三分,換着別人一定好看,當然挨罵的是我。開玩笑,我套她的話說,她在氣質上與蒙娜的莎很接近。「蒙娜麗莎」,意大利文藝復興時期達文西被世界公認的第一名畫。「蒙娜麗莎」也叫做「神秘的微笑」,真的笑得很神秘,我說小曼氣質像她,其實是因為她說我氣質像莎士比亞觸發的。她一說,我細看莎士比亞的照片,耳邊響起小曼對我說頭髮要燙一下。我的毛髮悚然已經成為了註冊商標,細看莎士比亞竟然更蒙娜麗莎一樣,沒有眼眉。我想,小曼要我燙一下頭髮,其實是要剃我眼眉!女人,越南有一句俗語,女人說有是無,說無是有。
女人,我多看小曼的照片,一眼,也有脫下眼鏡對影成三人的美麗。

民 一〇四•一二•七 堤岸

关于謝振煜先生:

http://banjuan.org/hw/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=63

http://ny.xmu.edu.cn/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=12895

http://unitedtimes.com.au/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=45&id=19142
...


剃谁的眼眉(转载者按:广东话--出谁的丑。我不曾留意到莎士比亚是没有眉毛的。)

[後記]氣質,小曼讀了這個文章說,他們說氣質是孩子氣,神經質、原來她要說的是我很像莎翁的孩子氣、神經質!


2015-12-8 11:35
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Xiaoman

#11  

湄公河


湄江一瀉入海流,
四時美景各千秋。
藍田玉帶澤南國,
万里源头自神州。

刘小曼/文  Dec. 8, 2015

⊙仄平平仄仄平,(韻)

⊙平⊙仄仄平平。 (韻)

⊙平⊙仄平平仄,

⊙仄平平仄仄平。 (韻

第 1 幅
越南湄公河


2015-12-8 17:28
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Xiaoman

#12  [原创] 【水调歌头】圣诞节

【水调歌头】圣诞节,年年难过年年过,中英双语诗
________________________________________

Christmas is only two weeks away,
the holidays' boiling point is on the way.
sleepless days will fall on all weekends:
it is when busy shopping never ends.
In the shopping mall, what I can see
is overwhelm people mountain, people sea.
Shops remain open throughout the night,
Santa is here and there, never out of sight.
Charismas songs are played again and again.
and what comes to me later will be the pain:
Shortly after holidays, things will turn to a trill,
like snowflakes hitting me, will be many a bill.  


圣诞只两周,节日临沸点。张灯结彩感觉,周末不夜天。大伙购物结队去,商城内外匆匆,买卖忙通宵。圣诞老人影,处处皆可见。
圣诞歌,连环播,乐绵绵。不应悔恨,钱包加元或美元? 美加两国通用,各种各样卡不缺,应有该有全。过节后不久,账单雪花卷。

Dec. 8, 2015


2015-12-9 11:32
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Xiaoman

#13  [原创]关于如何正确评论他人的作品

如何正确评论他人的作品? 我在国际英语演说协会学习的时候有不少机会去评论学员们的演讲作品,同学们的演讲一般5--9分钟不等。
评论的同学做评论时候也是演讲--Evaluation大概2-3分钟。 大概步骤是先概括同学的作品,再指出值得大家学习的地方, 肯定对方的努力和付出,然后委婉指出演讲者需要改进的地方。具体评论演讲技巧每一课的要求不一样,比如声音的运用,肢体语言,面部表情的运用,效果如何等,但整个过程需要正面积极的态度。

不论做何种评论,积极正面的态度是不能少的, 因为你要和大家一起建设一种正面积极的学习气氛。 不是一上来就跟人家说你讲得差极了,回去练习100遍再来这里演讲。这是找踢,让人喷死的节奏。  千万不要。态度一定要正确,不亢不卑, 不管你的评论水平如何, 或演讲者水平如何,评论人家的作品不是去表现你很牛, 去殿定你天下第一的手段,那是一种学习的过程。


2015-12-9 17:28
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Xiaoman

#14  [原创] 被警察拿下了

昨天我在路上开车时候冒犯了警察被他当场截停。

正当我想换到右边的线准备在下一个街口右拐的时候,我在倒后镜里看到一辆警车。我稍微加速,但警察没有放慢速度, 我再次加速, 给信号,然后转入右线。 当我刚刚转入右线时,警察车就鸣笛了,眼看逃不了了,我就只好停下。(如果是10年前,我就加速尽量逃跑。)

我镇定地停车, 出来的警察是一个帅哥, (加拿大地大物博,盛产帅哥和美女,not me.) Hello! 他说,
我说 Hi! 你知道刚才你差点儿撞到我前头的防撞杆吗?帅哥问,我说我不知道,我Double Check了, 我知道你是警察车。 但你转入线时才给信号啊,小姐! 我说对不起,我。。。我是打算在前面街口右拐的。。。我。。。哦。。。我。。。。哦。。。。我现在很紧张。我把墨镜摘下,用右手揉眼睛。。。
 
警察说,没事,下次开车小心点哦,要给好了信号才换线,好吗? 我说好的。 

经验:如果不幸被警察拿下,要记住说话带结巴的,就算平时口齿伶俐,面对全副武装的警察,你要说你此刻很紧张,并说话结巴。。。更加不能顶撞警察,  不能对他们说如下烂七八糟的说话, 后果自负:


35 Things Not to Say to a Cop!  不能对警察说的35句话




1. I can't reach my license unless you hold my beer.
除非你帮我拿啤酒瓶,要不我很难掏出我的驾照。


2. Sorry officer, I didn't realize my radar detector wasn't plugged in.



3. Aren't you the guy from the Village People band?



4. Hey, you must have been doing 125 to keep up with me. Good job.



5. I thought you had to be in relatively good physical shape to be a

police officer.



6. I was going to be a cop, but I decided to finish high school instead.
我曾经打算当警察的,但后来我决定先读完高中。



7. Bad cop, no donut.



8. You're not going to check the trunk are you?
你不是要去检查我的后背箱吧?



9. Gee, that gut sure doesn't inspire confidence.



10. Didn't I see you get your butt kicked on COPS?



11. Wow, you look just like the guy in the picture on my girlfriend's

night stand.
你看上去像那个我女朋友一夜情的情人。


12. Is it true that people become cops because they're too dumb to work at

McDonalds?  因为警察太笨了,在麦当劳找不到工作才去当警察的,是真的吗?



13. I pay your salary.
我可是付你工资的。


14. So uh, you on the take or what?



15. Gee officer, that's terrific. The last officer only gave me a

warning.
哎呀,棒极了警官。上次那位警官只是给我警告而已。


16. Do you know why you pulled me over? Okay, just so one of us knows.



17. I was trying to keep up with traffic. Yes, I know there are no other

cars around, that's how far ahead they are.



18. What do you mean, "Have I been drinking?" YOU'RE the trained

specialist.
什么意思?“我有否喝酒?” 您可是训练过的专家。


19. Well officer, when I reached down to pick up my bag of crack, my gun

fell off of my lap and got lodged between the brake and the gas pedal,

forcing me to speed out of control.



20. Hey, is that a 9 mm? That's nothing compared to this 44 magnum.



21. Hey, can you give me another one of those full cavity searches?



22. No, YOU assume the position.



23. I'm surprised you stopped me, Dunkin Donuts is having a 3 for 1

special!



24. If I bend over, will I still get a ticket?



25. No, offi, offic,lucifer...I'm not as think you are drunk I am. I swear

to dog.



26. No, I don't know how fast I was going. The little needle stops at 110

mph.



27. Back off Barney, I've got a piece.



28. But officer, I've got 2 different drivers licenses from 2 different

states! Pick ONE!



29. I know I was weaving, but I was trying to hit all the little green

men!



30. On the way to the station, let's get a six pack, oh and don't forget

the cig's.



31. Come on, write the stupid ticket, the bars close in 20 minutes!



32. Hey, wasn't your daughter a porn queen?



33. How long is this going to take? Your wife is expecting me.  这得要多久啊? 你老婆在等我。



34. So that's what those yellow flashing lights in the school zone mean.



35. What do you use those rubber gloves for anyway?



使君才气卷波澜。与把好诗再译
2015-12-11 14:00
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Xiaoman

#15  

这35句大部分很好笑,我猜只有喝高了很high才敢这样说。警察是得罪不起的,因为他们有枪。他们还可以把人打半死而且验不出伤一一把电话薄放在你胸口,用棒球棍心口碎大石式敲打,吓也吓半死。


2015-12-11 22:25
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Xiaoman

#16  

一般情况,打警察是袭警,全副武装的警察三秒钟把你制服, 警察打你你又提供不了伤势证据。所以当警察很赚。 在加拿大当警察,特别是小地方,其实是很好的差事,据说基本上生命危险发生率等于在高速公路开车。


2015-12-12 08:17
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Xiaoman

#17  

著名越华作家潘宙先生指正我的翻译错误。(潘宙先生的新作【烽火越南】文笔优美,幽默,故事吸引:  http://www.worldjournal.com/48640/article-%E6%BD%98%E5%AE%99%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA%E3%80%8A%E7%83%BD%E7%81%AB%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E3%80%8B%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88/?variant=zh-cn )



潘宙: Nightstand 床頭櫃不等於one night stand 一夜情。

ME: 多谢潘老师指正.
修正: Wow, you look just like the guy in the picture on my girlfriend's

night stand. 哇, 你看上去像我女朋友床头桌上照片里那个男的
Like · Reply · 1 min
多谢各位指正不吝赐教 周末愉快!

Like · Reply · Just now


2015-12-12 08:43
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Xiaoman

#18  [原创] 我的参赛作品

美语论坛进行节日发帖比赛,以下是我三个作品,陆续有更多的翻译作品贴上。他们认为我是加拿大队的主力队员,快刀快译手,流星赶月, 但我认为牛人高手们是压轴出场的,他们还没出手。我尽量争取“快狠准”译手桂冠。天下译手响无数,潮起潮落今朝还看吾。
haha。。。:)
请支持加拿大队,支持和关注我帖子的粉丝们朋友们去支援加拿大队。谢谢大家!

   祝大家佳节愉快!


http://bbs.wenxuecity.com/mysj/206933.html
【加队HSC】 仿史诗英译:陋室铭 (自拍:怀旧Style照一张)Yay go Canada go!,加队加油!

http://bbs.wenxuecity.com/mysj/206831.html

http://bbs.wenxuecity.com/mysj/206751.html



使君才气卷波澜。与把好诗再译
2015-12-13 11:57
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Xiaoman

#19  

欢迎去点赞。 我的绝色照(无彩色),彩色照,自拍照,陆续上来, 其他美女帅哥也陆续出照。。。。好热闹。


2015-12-13 14:51
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Xiaoman

#20  

参赛新作品 http://bbs.wenxuecity.com/mysj/206982.html?backPage=0&backSubid=mysj

第五篇
http://bbs.wenxuecity.com/mysj/207064.html

【加队HSC】The Advising Topic, my two cents



A confusing password

录音 http://vocaroo.com/player.swf?playMediaID=s1RjqU44eYXD&autoplay=0



资料:http://www.rd.com/joke/the-most-confusing-password/



在一对夫妇的家里,我试着修理他们的互联网连接。那个丈夫对在房间里的妻子喊,问她要电脑密码,“开始,大写S,然后123 ”她喊回来,说。

试了几次S123,但都不成功, 所以我们叫她出来。她一边输入密码一边喃喃自语,“我真不知道输入Start123(开始123) 会这样难。”


2015-12-14 14:52
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Xiaoman

#21  [转载] 什么是文学评论

什么是文学评论

作者:佚名 来源:网络 点击数:2933 日期:2008-5-24





Q:什么是文学评论?文学评论是什么意思?

文学评论又叫“文艺评论”,既是指运用一定的理论和方法对各种文学现象进行探讨、体会、评价的科学研究活动,又是指反映这种研究成果的一种文章样式。其任务在于揭示艺术现象中的审美价值和思想意义,探讨艺术创作的方法和规律,以提高文艺创作的水平;还要帮助读者正确理解作品,培养和提高读者的艺术欣赏能力和健康的艺术情趣。

文学评论包括诗歌评论、小说评论、散文评论、戏剧评论、影视评论等。电影是集编剧,导演、演员、摄影、音乐、美工、剪辑、服装、道具、化妆、灯光、特技等于一身的一种集体创作的综合艺术,影视评论既可对诸多方面做综合评论,亦可对某一方面做重点评论。

文学评论与一般的思想评论是不同的。思想评论的对象是社会生活和人们在其生活,工作中表现出来的种种思想问题,目的是帮助人们提高思想认识,分清是非;它可以通过各种各样,各方面的材料予以论证,只要紧扣你所要阐明的观点就行。

文学评论的对象是文学作品(小说、诗歌、散文、戏剧、绘画、影视等);评论的目的是通过对其思想内容,创作风格,艺术特点等方面议论、评价,提高阅读,鉴赏水平,评论时当然可以旁征博引,引用各种材料论证,但这旁征博引的各种材料,应是与文学作品有关的,而文学评论所用的材料基本上是来自所评文学作品本身。

另外文学评论与一般的作品分析也不同。当然从某一角度讲,文学评论首先要基于对作品的分析,没有分析何来评论;而分析本身也自然含有对作品的评价。但之间仍是有区别的,分析作品侧重是谈作品“是这样”;而评论侧重是谈作品“为什么是这样”,“这样好不好”。

文学评论必须对作品有总的评价,并且对你这个评价有一定论证过程,但作品分析就未必对作品要有总评价。

另外在写文学评论时,不必大段引述原材料,那样会用原材料挤掉你的论述;评论点要集中,鲜明。观点要鲜明,要用确凿的材料的阐析去支持观点,引证的材料首先要来自作品本身,当然还可旁征博引,材料分析和观点要始终保持一致。对读者不太了解的作品,评论前要对其有关方面作一定的交代。

如何写文学评论

文学评论的写作大致有三个步骤:阅读——定题——写作。

一、阅读 阅读对于文学评论来说,是占有材料、调查研究的过程。只有通过阅读,才能为写作打 下坚实的基础。

1.阅读范围。从文学评论的写作要求看,阅读既要做到点面结合,又要做到深浅结合。

所谓点面结合的“点”,是指作品。所谓“面”是指作家生平、作家其它作品、其它作 家的作品等。在这里,作品的阅读是最重要的,这是获得评论权的最重要的依据。只有阅读 作品,才能使自己对评论的对象了如指掌,评论时说到点子上,切中要害,避免片面性。 所谓深浅结合,是指作品的阅读要深一点,钻得透一点,深到能产生真知灼见为止。为 了深,就要多读几遍。恩格斯为了对拉萨尔的《弗兰茨?冯?济金根》一剧本进行评论,先 后将作品至少读了四遍,他在《致斐迪南?拉萨尔》中说:“为了有一个完全公正、完全‘批 判’的‘态度’”,为了“在读了之后提出详细的评价、明确的意见”,所以需要一个“比较 长的时间我才能发表自己的意见”。再如,列宁为了对小说《怎么办》进行评论,在一个夏 天把这部小说读了五遍,“每一次都在这个作品里发现了一些新的令人激动的思想。”(《列宁 论文学艺术》第897页)毛泽东也说过,《红楼梦》要读五遍,不读五遍就没有发言权。

这说明,浮光掠影、晴蜓点水式的阅读是不行的。对于被评论的对象,一定要研究得透彻一 些,对作品象对人一样,要知心、知音。对其他作品和材料的阅读不妨浅一点,浏览一遍, 有一个直觉印象即可,否则,不能保证“点”的深。 2.阅读方法。一般采取“总体——部分——总体”的步骤。

一、总体,就是从头至尾 通读。得出初步而概括的印象。

二、部分,是要对重要部分仔细地读,分析研究,加深印象, 发现特色(或发现问题),初步形成观点。

三、总体,是要获得完整的本质的认识,对作品 的倾向和艺术性作出自己的判断。 在阅读过程中,要及时做好摘记工作。有一种“评点法”的评论,就是一手拿笔,一边 阅读,一边评点的。如金圣叹评点《水浒》、《三国演义》。还要通过阅读培养复述节录作品 内容的能力。这是因为评论中常要概述作品内容,以作评论的依据。

二、定题 所谓定题,就是在读书、搜集材料的基础上,选择并确定评论的题旨(中心)。定题也 称为“选题”。

初学写作文学评论的人在定题时常犯以下几种毛病:

第一种,为评而评,无的放矢。评论者随便拿一篇作品,自己没有明确的目标,未经过 认真思考,就去评论。

第二种,贪大求全,面面俱到。一开始就写《论×××的小说创作》这样大的题目,往 往无从下笔而流于一般、平庸、肤浅。

第三种,缺乏新意,老生常谈,步别人的后尘,拾人牙慧。 应该怎样定题呢? 首先要选准作品。应该选择什么人的哪一篇作品,这是有标准的。标准就是:

(一)作品的价值。一篇作品拿到手,要掂一掂份量,权衡一下,问问自己:这作品有 没有价值?值不值得评?

俄国文艺批评家车尔尼雪夫斯基说:“假使你要做一个彻底的人, 那么就应该特别注意作品的价值,而不必拘泥于你以前觉得这同一位作家的作品是好还是 坏。”(《谈批评中的坦率精神》)这说明:文学评论要评的是文学作品,作品本身的价值才是 我们确定评论与否的重要依据。所谓作品的价值,指的是它的美学价值,也就是作品的思想 性和艺术性达到的水平应是很高的,或比较高的;另外,是某一种作品代表着一种值得注意 的倾向,或者就是坏作品。这两类作品都是值得评论的。因为,评论好的,可提高读者的审 美水平,使读者获得美的享受,也可使作者认识到自己的特色,向好的方面发展,提高一步; 评论坏的,可以防微杜渐,给作者敲警钟,使读者也能认识假、恶、丑。

(二)现实的需要。现实的需要指的是:国家事业的需要,人民生活的需要,社会 发展的需要。凡是现实需要评论的作品,我们作为评论者,就应该负起评论的责任。

(三)个人的专长。选作品要根据自己的爱好、专长来定。也就是说,要选自己有所研 究的,有把握的,有心得的,能评论的来评。尤其是初学评论写作的,更要扬长避短,否则 评起来困难,也不容易评好。 其次要定好中心。要确定评的论中心,有两个原则要遵守:

第一、不同体裁,区别对待。体裁不同,确立评论中心的角度也应有所不同。如:叙事 文学的评论,评论的角度应信笺于人物塑造、矛盾冲突等方面。抒情文学的评论,评论的角 度应偏重于艺术意境、感情抒发等方面。

第二、应有真知,贵在创新。评论的中心,必须从自己对作品的独到见解、真知灼见出 发来确立。由于是自己的真知灼见,就可避免雷同,就能创新,评出新水平。对一篇作品, 是评人物形象,还是评情节安排,是评某一细节,还是评全篇结构,是评思想意义,还是评 语言风格,都需要评论者具有一双慧眼。培养“眼力”,可以采取两个办法:

一是选取。选取作品有意义之点来评。因为作者在写作时就是这样选材的。鲁迅说:“选 取有意义之点,指示出来,使那意义格外分明,扩大,那是正确的批评家的任务。”(《关于 小说题材的通信》)应该使自己能够熟练地从评论的作品中选取有意义之点。在开始时,可 以选择一些名篇,自己确定一个具体的范围,选取一些有意义之点。如评价鲁迅的小说《祝 福》,可以确定一个范围:评论祥林嫂的形象塑造技巧。这样,既可以从总的方面——祥林 嫂是一个什么样的典型,成功在哪里等方面来选取;也可以从局部的方面——鲁迅怎样刻划 祥林嫂的眼睛、语言、性格等方面来选取。

二是甄别。主要从三方面锻炼自己的甄别能力:1,作品中什么是应选取的有意义之点, 什么是要舍弃的无意义之点;2,什么是自己对于作品的真知灼见,什么是拾人牙慧的旧调 重弹、老生常谈;3,哪些是自己评论时能够驾驭的,而哪些是偏大偏难自己力不胜任的。

总之,定题是在阅读作品的基础上,通过评论者的思考,从感性认识上升到理性认识的 “飞跃过程”。要顺利完成这个“飞跃”过程,需要花大力气、下深功夫。一些批评家能定 题定得准,不是一朝一夕之功,“冰冻三尺非一日之寒”。

三、写作

文学评论属于议论文。它具有议论文的一般特点,但是由于它是对文学作品发表的评论,所以又不同于其它的议论文,要有点文学色彩。

1、要有正确而鲜明的观点。我们对一篇文学作品发表议论,总要有个基本看法:是好还是坏?是大体上过得去,还是基本上不行而尚有可取之处?这个基本的看法就是文章的中心论点,这个论点必须是正确、鲜明的。

2、要有准确、充分而有说服力的论据。要对作品的人物形象、故事情节、艺术描写和语言运用等方面进行深入细致的具体的分析,从而引用能够说明自己论点的材料来充当论据,这些论据一定要准确可靠。

3、要运用科学的符合逻辑推理的论证方法。是用归纳法,还是用演绎法,或者是类比法,应深思熟虑。

4、文学观念在不断更新,因此文学评论的理论和术语也要不断更新,为此就要努力学习文学理论知识、美学知识、语言学和修辞学知识,使得评论的语言既有文学性,又有形象性。

www.shenmeshi.com 什么是什么,搜搜就知道!



使君才气卷波澜。与把好诗再译
2015-12-15 18:38
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Xiaoman

#22  

Literary criticism


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Literary criticism is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often influenced by literary theory, which is the philosophical discussion of literature's methods and goals. Though the two activities are closely related, literary critics are not always, and have not always been, theorists.

Whether or not literary criticism should be considered a separate field of inquiry from literary theory, or conversely from book reviewing, is a matter of some controversy. For example, the Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism[1] draws no distinction between literary theory and literary criticism, and almost always uses the terms together to describe the same concept. Some critics consider literary criticism a practical application of literary theory, because criticism always deals directly with particular literary works, while theory may be more general or abstract.

Literary criticism is often published in essay or book form. Academic literary critics teach in literature departments and publish in academic journals, and more popular critics publish their reviews in broadly circulating periodicals such as the Times Literary Supplement, the New York Times Book Review, the New York Review of Books, the London Review of Books, The Nation, and The New Yorker.

Classical and medieval criticism[edit]

Literary criticism has probably existed for as long as literature. In the 4th century BC Aristotle wrote the Poetics, a typology and description of literary forms with many specific criticisms of contemporary works of art. Poetics developed for the first time the concepts of mimesis and catharsis, which are still crucial in literary study. Plato's attacks on poetry as imitative, secondary, and false were formative as well. Around the same time, Bharata Muni, in his Natya Shastra, wrote literary criticism on ancient Indian literature and Sanskrit drama.

Later classical and medieval criticism often focused on religious texts, and the several long religious traditions of hermeneutics and textual exegesis have had a profound influence on the study of secular texts. This was particularly the case for the literary traditions of the three Abrahamic religions: Jewish literature, Christian literature and Islamic literature.

Literary criticism was also employed in other forms of medieval Arabic literature and Arabic poetry from the 9th century, notably by Al-Jahiz in his al-Bayan wa-'l-tabyin and al-Hayawan, and by Abdullah ibn al-Mu'tazz in his Kitab al-Badi.[2]

Renaissance criticism[edit]

The literary criticism of the Renaissance developed classical ideas of unity of form and content into literary neoclassicism, proclaiming literature as central to culture, entrusting the poet and the author with preservation of a long literary tradition. The birth of Renaissance criticism was in 1498, with the recovery of classic texts, most notably, Giorgio Valla's Latin translation of Aristotle's Poetics. The work of Aristotle, especially Poetics, was the most important influence upon literary criticism until the late eighteenth century. Lodovico Castelvetro was one of the most influential Renaissance critics who wrote commentaries on Aristotle's Poetics in 1570.
19th-century criticism[edit]

The British Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century introduced new aesthetic ideas to literary study, including the idea that the object of literature need not always be beautiful, noble, or perfect, but that literature itself could elevate a common subject to the level of the sublime. German Romanticism, which followed closely after the late development of German classicism, emphasized an aesthetic of fragmentation that can appear startlingly modern to the reader of English literature, and valued Witz – that is, "wit" or "humor" of a certain sort – more highly than the serious Anglophone Romanticism. The late nineteenth century brought renown to authors known more for critical writing than for their own literary work, such as Matthew Arnold.


Theory[edit]

In 1957 Northrop Frye published the influential Anatomy of Criticism. In his works Frye noted that some critics tend to embrace an ideology, and to judge literary pieces on the basis of their adherence to such ideology. This has been a highly influential viewpoint among modern conservative thinkers. E. Michael Jones, for example, argues in his Degenerate Moderns that Stanley Fish was influenced by his adulterous affairs to reject classic literature that condemned adultery.[4]

In the British and American literary establishment, the New Criticism was more or less dominant until the late 1960s. Around that time Anglo-American university literature departments began to witness a rise of a more explicitly philosophical literary theory, influenced by structuralism, then post-structuralism, and other kinds of Continental philosophy. It continued until the mid-1980s, when interest in "theory" peaked. Many later critics, though undoubtedly still influenced by theoretical work, have been comfortable simply interpreting literature rather than writing explicitly about methodology and philosophical presumptions.

The current state of literary criticism[edit]

Today interest in literary theory and Continental philosophy coexists in university literature departments with a more conservative literary criticism of which the New Critics would probably have approved. Disagreements over the goals and methods of literary criticism, which characterized both sides taken by critics during the "rise" of theory, have declined. Many critics feel that they now have a great plurality of methods and approaches from which to choose.

Some critics work largely with theoretical texts, while others read traditional literature; interest in the literary canon is still great, but many critics are also interested in minority and women's literatures, while some critics influenced by cultural studies read popular texts like comic books or pulp/genre fiction. Ecocritics have drawn connections between literature and the natural sciences. Darwinian literary studies studies literature in the context of evolutionary influences on human nature. Many literary critics also work in film criticism or media studies. Some write intellectual history; others bring the results and methods of social history to bear on reading literature.

Questions regarding the value of academic criticism[edit]

The value of literary criticism and analysis has been questioned by some prominent artists. Vladimir Nabokov once wrote that good readers do not read books, and particularly those which are considered to be literary masterpieces, "for the academic purpose of indulging in generalizations".[5] At a 1986 conference of James Joyce scholars in Copenhagen, the modernist writer's grandson, Stephen J. Joyce, said, "If my grandfather was here, he would have died laughing ... Dubliners and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man can be picked up, read, and enjoyed by virtually anybody without scholarly guides, theories, and intricate explanations, as can Ulysses, if you forget about all the hue and cry." He later questioned whether anything has been added to the legacy of Joyce's art by the 261 books of literary criticism stored in the Library of Congress.[6]


2015-12-15 21:55
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Xiaoman

#23  

Vladimir Nabokov once wrote that good readers do not read books, and particularly those which are considered to be literary masterpieces,

弗拉基米爾·弗拉基米羅維奇·納博科夫曾经写道,好读者不读书,特别是不去读那些被认为是文学杰作的书。
这句话这样理解:如果你承认自己不是好读者, 人家就知道你读过很多书,名著。


2015-12-15 22:05
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