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廖康

#1  李白《侠客行》歌咏何人?

李白《侠客行》歌咏何人?

廖康


现存的上千首李白诗中最有豪侠意气的当属《侠客行》,而这首诗又因金庸的小说而广为流传。然而我遍查注疏解释和诗歌欣赏,也没有看到任何人讲解此诗咏唱的是何许人也,他与朱亥和侯嬴有什么关系;倒是有不少关于如何理解最后两行的争辩。为了讨论方便,我先把这首诗抄录如下:

赵客缦胡缨,吴钩霜雪明。银鞍照白马,飒沓如流星。
十步杀一人,千里不留行。事了拂衣去,深藏身与名。
闲过信陵饮,脱剑膝前横。将炙啖朱亥,持觞劝侯嬴。
三杯吐然诺,五岳倒为轻。眼花耳热后,意气素霓生。
救赵挥金槌,邯郸先震惊。千秋二壮士,烜赫大梁城。
纵死侠骨香,不惭世上英。谁能书阁下,白首太玄经。

最后两行,有人理解为“有谁能够像扬雄皓首写《太玄经》一样,把阁下的事迹写出来?”也有人理解为“有谁愿意在书阁之下皓首穷经,像扬雄那样当个书蛀虫?”

哪种解释正确?首先要读懂《侠客行》歌咏的是什么样的人。这个问题似乎很简单,答案当然是侠客了。但侠客与侠客不同,有曹沫那种智勇双全,持匕首逼而不杀,迫使齐桓公交还鲁地,自己全身而退的侠客。也有专诸那种为成大事甘愿与刺杀对象同归于尽的侠客。有豫让那种本事不大,但极其尽忠、极其执着的侠客。还有聂政那种武艺高强,孝义无双的侠客。更有荆轲那种勇气可嘉,志大术疏的侠客。李白歌咏的侠客与司马迁为之立传的这些侠客都不一样,他武艺高强,“十步杀一人,千里不留行。”这两行最夸张的诗句并非李白原创,而是略微改写自庄子的《说剑》。有兴趣者可以另行欣赏,那与李白的诗义完全不同,格局更大。但李白歌咏的侠客另一重要品质是他不在乎功名,“事了拂衣去,深藏身与名。”所以我们根本不知道这位侠客是谁,只知道他是赵人,也就是河北、山西一带人氏。但他的装束有胡人的冠带,他银鞍白马,剑如秋霜,横扫千里,勇不可当。除此以外,我们对这位侠客所知无多。但我感觉与其说李白是讲述某一位具体的侠客,不如说他是描述一个理想的侠客,一位令所有其他侠客敬仰、模仿,激发其他侠客行动的典范。

这位侠客空闲时来与信陵君饮酒聊天。在吃烤肉饮美酒时,以其豪侠气概劝诱了朱亥和侯嬴去干一件大事。在此“啖”不仅是“让朱亥吃肉”的意思。“啖”还有“诱惑”之意,如司马迁在《史记·高祖本纪》中所说“啖以利,因袭攻武关,破之。”当然,在李白的这首诗里并没有利益,有的只是气冲牛斗的豪迈。请注意这两行对仗工整,“啖”和“诱”是近义的及物动词,其宾语是朱亥和侯嬴。这位侠客不仅是让他们吃肉喝酒,那是任何其他人都会做的普通小事。他是在吃肉喝酒时以自身的榜样影响劝诱了朱亥和侯嬴。他们三杯下肚,便许下重于五岳之诺。二人酒酣耳热,醉眼朦胧,口吐誓言,气贯长虹。这长虹可不是弧形的彩虹,而是一道直冲天庭的白气。李白用此夸张手法描写二人在侠客的激励下,决心做一件惊天动地的大事——击杀晋鄙,让信陵君得以率魏軍进攻秦军,解邯郸之围。这才使屠夫朱亥和守门小吏侯嬴成为“千秋二壮士”,其英名彪炳开封府,“烜赫大梁城。”

李白接着感叹道:至于侠客本人,您的业绩我们并不全知,但您死后绝不会愧对任何英豪。我们能够闻到您的侠骨香气,感受到您的侠肝义胆,但没有谁能够把您的传记写清写全。除非那位皓首写出煌煌巨著《太玄经》的扬雄再世,才有可能书写阁下的豪侠业绩。最后两行一问一答,意思很清楚,“书”是动词,“阁下”是汉朝就常用的敬称,这里指侠客。不应断句为“书阁”,把它理解为名词。如果李白真是指藏书楼,要表达不愿在那里皓首穷经,他也会说书阁内,更不会用“能”字。需要写成“谁甘书阁内,白首太玄经。”但这样结尾,就失去了原诗的气势。况且,李白很佩服扬雄的大才,他在诗中自比过扬雄,还写过《楚江黄龙矶南宴杨执戟治楼》“五月分五洲,碧山对青楼。故人扬执戟,春赏楚江流。一見醉漂月,三杯歌棹讴,桂枝攀不尽,他日更相求。”李白称他为故人扬执戟,一是表达亲切,二是表现英武。扬雄自己后来也认为辞赋为“童子雕虫篆刻”,“壮夫不为”,转而研究哲学,并且写出《太玄经》,李白在气质上与扬雄有共同之处。如果李白真想表示不愿意当书蛀虫,也会另选他人。

李白喜好剑术,崇尚行侠仗义,佩服武术高强、义薄云天的英雄。他这首诗描述的并不是历史上的真实人物,而是一位理想中的侠客。他行走天下,除暴安良,却不留姓名。虽然我们不清楚他的全部业绩,但我们知道,大名鼎鼎的朱亥和侯嬴是在他的影响下才得以建功立业,名垂青史。李白用夸张和虚写的手法,塑造出一个侠客的典范,如神龙见首不见尾,其身躯在云中隐约出现,其整体却要每一个读者尽情想象。这就是诗的魅力。

2017年3月6日

读诗可以不求甚解,但要翻译就不能糊弄了,写完上文,确定了人物关系,我翻译此诗如下。翻译真是土耳其挂毯的反面,不如正面好看,但也需要。谁要是能翻成双面绣就妙了。

“Ode to a Knight” by Li Bai translated by Liao Kang

A knight from Kingdom Zhao wearing a Hu style tassel
And a curved blade which was shiny like frost and snow
His steed was white and matched by a silver saddle
Galloping as fast as a shooting star could go.

He traveled hundreds of miles; none could stop his steed.
With every ten steps he cut down and killed a foe.
He tidied his robe after he did the heroic deed,
Then he disappeared thoroughly incognito.

In his leisure he came to drink with Duke Xinling.
He took off his sword and rested it on his knees.
He ate barbecue with Zhu Hai and drank with Hou Ying,
Whose aspiration soared to the highest degrees.

After three cups they made him a pledge so solemn
That it was weightier than the five mountains sacred.
Their eyes were dim and each ear a burning column
They breathed a song into air, their souls were elated.

They began saving Kingdom Zhao with a hammer blow.
The city of Handan’s shocked by its quick release.
The two men thus became heroes as we’d later know,
Their names are carved with pride on the town-hall altarpiece.

Even though the knight’s gone, his fame is perpetuate.
In heaven he’d not be second to any man.
Who could write down his deeds to fill the honored slate
But gray-haired Yang Xiong who wrote the Book of Taixuan.                               

2017年3月8日


2017-3-6 23:32
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廖康

#2  

DEL


2017-3-8 20:12
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fanghuzhai

#3  

1st draft

赵客缦胡缨,吴钩霜雪明。银鞍照白马,飒沓如流星。
十步杀一人,千里不留行。事了拂衣去,深藏身与名。
闲过信陵饮,脱剑膝前横。将炙啖朱亥,持觞劝侯嬴。
三杯吐然诺,五岳倒为轻。眼花耳热后,意气素霓生。
救赵挥金槌,邯郸先震惊。千秋二壮士,烜赫大梁城。
纵死侠骨香,不惭世上英。谁能书阁下,白首太玄经。

A man is from the Zhao, his hat tied with coarse Hun ribbon
Carrying a sword whose blade shines like bright frost and snow
His white horse is equipped with polished silver saddle
And it gallops fast like shooting stars in a row
He could kill a foe within a ten step range
And never lodges on a journey of thousand miles
His mission done, he dusts his jacket and leave
In oblivion his body and fame he hides
One day in leisure he dropped in for a drink with Xinling
Laying his sword before his knees
He offered meat to the man called Zhu Hai
And wine to Hou Ying for him to please
Three cups of wine down they came up with a promise
That was weightier than the Five Mountains
Their eyes blurred and their ears burned
A white steam of volcano bespeaks their determination
A golden hammer accomplished Zhao State’s rescue
Greatly shocked were the citizens of its capital
Glorified were their names in the city of Daliang
Down into history went the fame of the two heroes
Had they died in action their bones would’ve remained fragrant
They could face up to the title of hero under the heaven
Where can I find someone to write down your story
Behold the scholar who works with life long devotion

重译

a man from Zhao wears coarse foreign ribbons
Bearing a sword as shiny as frost and snow
His white horse carries a polished silver saddle
It gallops and you see shooting stars in flow
On a thousand li trip he never takes lodging
Within ten steps he can kill a foe
Mission accomplished he dusts himself and leaves
Into hiding his body and fame go
Once in leisure he came to drink at Xingling's
Before his knees he laid down his sword blade
He offered roasted pork to the guy Zhu Hai
With wine he would Hou Ying persuade
Three cups after they came up with a promise
Heavy and solemn as the Five Mountains
Their eyes were blurry and ears hot
Their will caused erupting steam like fountains
To rescue Zhao a golden hammer was put to use
Their deeds did the capital shock and confuse
Into history the heroes's names were to be carved
Back in Daliang they were laden with honors profuse
Had they died their bones would have been revered
They could face up to the title of hero under heaven
Who can put your story to lines for people to read
But the white haired scholar with deligent devotion?


2017-3-22 23:18
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